Investigation on the heavy metal content of zinc-carbon and alkaline manganese dry cells

The objective of this work was to test the compliance of commercially available batteries with the German Battery Ordinance, a project of the German government that was initiated by the Federal Environment Agency. Different types of commercially available dry cells were analysed for their cadmium, lead and mercury contents. The dry cells underwent mechanical pre-treatment, separation of the different components and microwave-assisted digestion before determination of the heavy metals. Mercury is sometimes added to prevent the generation of gaseous hydrogen from the electrochemical process. Lead could be present since it is sometimes used as an alloying element of zinc. Cadmium has no technical importance and is an undesirable impurity. None of the batteries contained higher heavy metal mass fractions than the permissible limits.     

On the effect of MSW moisture content on meeting target recycling rates

A mathematical model to calculate the recycle rates for packaging materials from the municipal solid wastes (MSW) built from the dry mass values that are obtained from the corresponding wet masses and their respective moisture contents is presented in this work. A possible universal methodology is also described to be used with the previous model so that reliable comparisons between indicators for different regions are feasible. Furthermore, this mathematical model demonstrates the effect of the moisture content of packaging materials on their recycling rates and constitutes a fundamental tool for operators and persons responsible for MSW management to define new policies and technical measures viewing the improvement of recycling rates. A theoretical study and the application of the model to the MEMSW of the Lisbon region shows that the moisture content of the mixed wastes plays a dominant role in the recycling rates of packaging materials such as paper, plastics and glass. Moreover, accounting for all relevant masses in the dry basis yields higher recycling rate values: increases of 32.8% for paper, 50% for plastics and 44.6% glass are observed.     

Evaluation by year of the valuable/hazardous material content of lithium-ion secondary battery cells and other components of notebook computer battery packs

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Our objective was to provide the information necessary to efficiently recover metals from end-of-life lithium-ion secondary batteries by assessing...     

安徽电网环境现状调查及建议

简单介绍了安徽电网的基本概况,重点分析了具有代表性变电站和输电线路附近敏感区域的工频电场强度、工频磁场强度、无线电干扰、噪声等,全面评价安徽电网环境状况,指出存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议.     

徐州电厂水务管理现状与设想

通过对徐州发电厂生产及生活用水的现状分析，结合企业的实际情况，论述了为实施废水零排放需要采取的节水措施及注意事项。     

Methods for determining the biomass content of waste.

As CO2 emission trading in Europe has been established it is of essential importance to distinguish between biogenic and fossil emissions. Emissions resulting from bio-fuels and biogenous fractions are categorized as climate-neutral. Determination of plants using only fossil or bio-fuels is simple but categorization becomes more difficult for plants using a mix of fossil and bio-fuel such as solid recovered fuels. In the meantime, different methods for solving this problem have been developed. Using different approaches and technologies, all of these methods have the same goal: determining the biomass content (biogenic fraction), for example, in solid recovered fuels or in the off-gas of a mono- or co-incineration plant in order to calculate the biogenic carbon dioxide emissions. In the following article, the most common methods for determining the biogenic fraction of fuels, namely the Selective Dissolution Method, the Balance Method and the 14C-Method will be explained in detail.     

电除尘器EE型阳极板振打方式探讨

介绍了安徽洛河电厂1号机组电除尘器改造，其一、二电场采用EE型阳极板振打方式后的运行效果，对运行中出现的阳极板撕裂问题进行技术分析，并提出改进建议。     

几种半干法脱硫工艺机理探讨

通过循环半干法、烟道流化床、炉内喷钙炉后增湿活化、喷雾半干法等脱硫工艺的工程应用，就反应时间、操作温度、钙硫化、可靠性、燃料适应性、装置占地、性价比等进行了综合分析比较，并对4种半干法工艺的脱硫机理进行了探讨。     

Measuring the gypsum content of C&D debris fines

Construction and demolition (C&D) debris recycling facilities often produce a screened material intended for use as alternative daily cover (ADC) at active landfills or for shaping and grading at closed landfills. This product contains soil and small pieces of wood, concrete, gypsum drywall, shingles and other components of C&D debris. Concerns have been raised over the contribution of gypsum drywall in C&D debris fines to odor problems at landfills where the product is used. To address such concerns, limitations may be placed on the percentage of gypsum (or sulfate) that can occur, and standardized testing procedures are required to permit valid compliance testing. A test procedure was developed for measuring the gypsum content in C&D debris fines. The concentration of sulfate leached in an aqueous solution was used to estimate the initial gypsum content of the sample. The impact of sample size and leaching time were evaluated. Precision and accuracy increased with increasing gypsum content. Results from replicate samples had an average relative standard deviation of 9%. The gypsum content of fines obtained from different facilities in the US varied widely from 1% to over 25%. These variations not only occurred between differing facilities, but within batches produced within a single facility.     

氰化钠泄漏污染调查及治理方案技术分析

对洛阳市洛宁县“11．1”NaCN泄漏污染吉家洼金矿下游麦张沟河道土壤CN^-残存量进行了布点、采样、化验;对提出的CN^-残存量治理方案,从CN^-的可氧化性、挥发性及生物降解性进行论述;对CN^-的挥发衰减做了模拟试验,结果令人满意。     

核电站温排水环境影响研究方法调查评价

核电站的温排水是其运行过程中对周围环境影响的重要因素之一。通过对核电站温排水环境影响研究方法的调查和研究,分析各种调查、研究方法的特点,给出初步环境影响方法评价结论和建议。     

燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价探讨

通过对某大型燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价的总结,对正处于起步阶段的电力建设项目劳动安全卫生预评价的程序、特点、内容、深度、方法及需要注意的总是进行论述,试图提高燃煤电厂劳动安全卫生预评价的质量。     

Influence of the composition of the initial mixtures on the chemical composition,physicochemical properties and humic-like substances content of composts

The influence of the proportion of C- and N-rich raw materials (initial C/N ratio) and bulking agent on the chemical functional groups composition, humic-like substances (HS-like) content and physicochemical properties of composts was assessed. To achieve these goals, seven initial mixtures (BA1–6 and C1) of dog food (N-rich raw material) were composted with wheat flour (C-rich raw material). Composts were analyzed in terms of chemical functional groups, physicochemical, maturity and stability parameters.The C-rich raw material favored the formation of oxidized organic matter (OM) during the composting process, as suggested by the variation of the ratios of the peaks intensity of FT-IR spectra, corresponding to a decrease of the polysaccharides and an increase of aromatic and carboxyl-containing compounds. However, although with high proportion of C-rich raw material, mixtures with low initial C/N seems to have favored the accumulation of partially oxidized OM, which may have contributed to high electrical conductivity values in the final composts. Therefore, although favoring the partial transformation of OM into stabilized HS-like, initial mixtures with high proportion of C-rich raw material but with low initial C/N led to unstable composts.On the other hand, as long as a high percentage of bulking agent was used to promote the structure of biomass and consequently improve of the aeration conditions, low initial C/N was not a limiting factor of OM oxidation into extractable stabilized humic-like acids.     

襄阳市再生资源产业调查研究报告

通过座谈、走访和问卷相结合的方式,对襄阳市企事业单位及市民调查,了解襄阳市再生资源产业的现状。结果表明,襄阳市再生资源产业不断扩大,回收体系初见成效。但是,税收与用地问题仍制约着再生资源行业的发展。     

Investigation on the humification of municipal solid waste incineration residue and its effect on the leaching behavior of dioxins

In this study, we investigated the humification of municipal solid waste incineration residue through identification of extracted humic substances, and examined the leachability of dioxins by batch leaching test. The samples were incineration residues excavated from lysimeters 6-8 years after being filled. The results of investigation of humic substances showed that the top layers from the surface to a depth of 30-70 cm contained more humic substances than the other layers judging from the color of the samples and optical characteristics of the extracts. In particular, humification in the lysimeter filled with a small amount of compost had progressed through all the layers, not only the top one. The tests revealed that the leaching concentrations of dioxins increased with advanced humification and showed relatively good correlation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of leachate at each lysimeter. Humification advances from the surface first, and DOC generated from the humification may preferentially carry down the highly chlorinated dioxin compounds such as O8CDD as DOC-dioxin complexes. Comparing the content and leaching concentration according to depth, we observed not only a decrease in dioxin content but also an increase in leaching of the highly chlorinated dioxins at deeper layers in the lysimeters with the compost. This tendency seemed to result from biological activities.     

三峡库区漂浮物综合治理方案探讨

根据三峡库区漂浮物的分布及其运移规律，漂浮物的组成成分以及三峡周边地区的资源利用情况，提出了漂浮物的综合治理方案。     

Investigation on Miscibility of Sodium Alginate/Pullulan Blends

Miscibility studies of Sodium alginate (NaAlg)/Pullulan have been carried out in different percentage of blend components. The ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, density and refractive index were measured at 30 and 40 °C. Further the blend films of NaAlg and Pullulan were prepared by solution casting method and characterized by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), fourier transition infrared spectroscopic (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) methods. Using the viscosity data, interaction parameters were computed to determine the miscibility. The data suggest that the blend is miscible in the entire composition range. The change in temperature had no significant effect on the miscibility of NaAlg/Pullulan blends. The miscibility is confirmed by SEM, DSC, ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index methods. The specific interactions of hydrogen bonding type of the blends were investigated by FTIR.     

火电厂电缆安全状况调查

通过对30家火电厂92台机组电缆安全状况的调查,研究了火电厂电缆安全技术管理体系的建立和执行情况、电缆设备状况、电缆安全技术措施以及运行管理状况。指出火电厂电缆安全状况在安全管理体系不健全、电缆设备安全隐患较多、安全技术措施不到位且运行管理相对较为松懈等问题,加大了火电厂电缆事故发生机率。针对电缆安全技术现状和管理现状,提出了提高和改善火电厂电缆安全水平的技术和管理措施。     

Investigation on the Influence of EVA Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics of Poly(lactic acid) Blends

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has gained considerable attention nowadays as a biocompatible polymer owing to its advantage of being prepared from renewable resources. PLA exhibits excellent tensile strength, fabricability, thermal plasticity and biocompatibility properties comparable to many petroleum based plastics. However, low heat distortion temperature, brittleness and slow crystallization rate limit the practical applications of PLA. In order to address these limitations, an attempt has been made in the current work to prepare binary blends of PLA with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) at different compositions via melt mixing technique. Systematic investigation on the mechanical properties, thermal degradation and crystallization behavior for PLA-EVA blends was carried out. The impact strength of binary blends of PLA–EVA was found to increase significantly by 176% for 15 wt% of EVA compared to virgin PLA. This is due to the strong interfacial adhesion among PLA and EVA resulting in brittle to ductile transition. Scanning electron microscopy analysis for impact fractured surfaces of binary blends of PLA implied the toughening effect of PLA by EVA. Thermogravimetry analysis results revealed that the activation energy of PLA–EVA blends decreased with increase in EVA content in the PLA matrix. While, differential scanning calorimetry results obtained for PLA–EVA blends revealed the improvement in crystallinity when compared with neat PLA. The effect of EVA on non-isothermal melt crystallization kinetics of PLA was also examined via DSC at various heating rates. Decreasing trend in the t_1/2 values indicated the faster rate of crystallization mechanism after addition of EVA in the PLA matrix.