美国的环境标准

介绍了美国环境标准的法律地位与作用以及大气环境标准、水环境标准、固体废物处理场标准,并分析了其特点。      

Optical investigations of dust storms during U.S.S.R.-U.S. experiments in Tadzhikistan, 1989

The results of studies on dust aerosol optical properties obtained during the U.S.S.R.-U.S. experiment are discussed. The ground-based and aircraft measurements carried out during the experiment allow the estimation of characteristic values of aerosol optical depth, aerosol light-scattering coefficients, the degree of linear polarization, and aureole phase functions for different atmospheric conditions in Central Soviet Asia. Two dust storms were observed for which the recorded aerosol optical depth at λ = 0.55 μm {τ_a(0.55)} reached 1.5 on 16 and 17 September 1989, and 3.5 on 20 and 21 September 1989. The optical characteristics (spectral dependence of the optical depth, degree of linear polarization) were similar for two dust episodes.     

Urban NO2 concentrations in the U.K. in 1987

A mational air quality monitoring network has been established in the U.K. by Warren Spring Laboratory, on behalf of the U.K. Department of the Environment, to determine compliance with the European Community Directive for nitrogen dioxide. Data from the six network sites for 1987 are presented and analysed.No site in the U.K. breached the NO₂ Directive Limit Value during this year, though the closest approaches were at the two London stations. Annual average NO₂ concentrations, which varied from 23 to 39 ppb, were consistent with the top five percentile of long-term measurements from a national survey of over 360 U.K. urban areas carried out in 1986.The temporal variability of NO₂ concentrations was substantially lower over all time scales than that for NO: winter/summer ratios for all sites averaged 2.9 for NO and 1.3 for NO₂. Most sites showed strong diurnal variations for NO which were primarily influenced by traffic emissions during rush hours, although these variations were less marked for NO₂.A markedly non-proportional relationship between annual and daily average NO₂ and NO_x levels was observed, and this has important implications for its efficacy of possible NO_x emission control strategies. An analysis of measured NO₂/NO_x ratios over weekends and weekday periods demonstrates, for instance, that a 20% emission cutback may result, typically, in a corresponding NO₂ reduction of 12% at urban locations in the U.K. NO_x reductions, however, exert a more proportional effect on NO₂ concentrations at kerbside and rural locations.     

在美国看水

在中国,各种媒体关于水污染事件的报道屡见不鲜,污染导致的水质性缺水已成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈,甚至是迈向现代化进程中绕不过去的一道坎儿.然而,远在太平洋另一端的美国,情况又是怎样呢?笔者近期的美国之行也许能给人启示.     

美国密西西比河考察旅行杂记

不久前,在美国新闻媒体的两位朋友艾黎克·斯达芝(ERIC STAATS) 和杰米·考克斯(JEREMY COX)的盛情安排下,同时在常年负责密西西比河疏浚工程的美国陆军工程兵部队 (the U．S．Army Corps of Engineers) 的大力帮助下,笔者有机会在空中和陆地比较详细地考察了密西西比河。其实不用美国东道主介绍,笔者早在上世纪60年代初攻读英美语言文学专业本科的时候就已熟知:19世纪上半期,内河是美国内陆交通的动脉,密西西比河上的蒸汽船则是当时美国南北交通运输的重要工具。1835年生于密苏里州的美国著名作家马克·吐温对密西西比河的航运有过很多描述, 他本人也在密西西比河的蒸汽船上工作过,并自称蒸汽船船员工作是他童年时代当地很多人的理想。这个时期被人们称为是“密西西比河的蒸汽船时代”。     

新时期中外高校体育教育思想发展趋势比较分析

本文介绍了德国和俄罗斯学校在体育发展的多方向、多功能的趋势，分析了我国高校体育教育的现状，从体育与健康课程整合的方面，提出高校体育应借鉴国外体育教育强国的思想观念，强调体育教改应重视学生身心的全面成长，贯穿“个体化、专项化、社会化”的思想。     

美国污染物排放标准对制定我国锡工业污染物排放标准的启示

在分析美国污染物排放标准体系和排放标准法制化管理的基础上,提出我国锡工业污染物排放标准制定中应注意的事项。并指出我国污染物排放标准不适合用标准化管理,应借鉴美国的经验,走法制化管理的道路,通过健全的法律机制,保障锡工业污染物排放标准的制定和实施。     

Five years' experience of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the former U.S.S.R.

From a total of 490 cystic fibrosis (CF) high-risk families under supervision (mostly Russian Slavs from the European part of the country), DNA data including both direct screening for some CF gene(CFTR)mutations(deIF508, G551D and 1677delTA) and allelic polymorphism studies with tightly CF linked DNA markers were collected from 261 families. All full families (129) and 86 CF families with a deceased index child were found to be either fully (42 per cent) or partially (40 per cent) informative for DNA analysis. Prenatal diagnosis (PD) was carried out in 161 CF families. Microvillar enzyme (MVE) assay was applied to all 140 PD at the second trimester either as a single test (88) or in conjunction with DNA analysis (52). The frequency of false-negative results of the MVE assay was 1.3 percent and that of false-positive results, as judged by the albumin meconium test, was 5.0 per cent. Ambiguous results of MVE analysis were found in 30 cases, 12 of which were verified by DNA analysis. Molecular diagnosis of CF at the first trimester was carried out in 21 cases and four pregnancies were terminated. Altogether, 39 pregnancies with a predicted high risk of CF fetuses were terminated. The low average frequency of delF508 in CF chromosomes of Russian Slavs (50 per cent), its remarkable inter-population variation, and the significant proportion of at-risk families without an affected child determine the necessity of combined molecular and biochemical (MVE assay) approaches for efficient prenatal diagnosis of CF in the former U.S.S.R.     

相约玉珠峰

向西，向西，雄壮的青藏高原，巍巍玉珠雪峰。我们一行十几人从青海省格尔木市出发，踏上了前往玉珠峰的征程。车子开出据说是世界上面积最大城市的格尔木市市区后很快就上了青藏公路．此时天高云淡，清冷洁净的空气中我们仿佛嗅到了雪山的味道。公路两旁，荒凉的戈壁滩给我们这些异乡人更多的是令人震撼的凄美，偶尔出现的红柳等植物在此刻显现了它们生命的顽强。     

Ethical and legal implications in IVF and prenatal diagnosis in the U.K.

The natural desire for couples to be parents and the medical practitioner's inability to treat most genetic diseases have been responsible for some of the most exciting research into infertility and genetic disorders. This has led in the United Kingdom to the establishment of the Warnock Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilization and its report in 1984, and to a Review of the guidance on Research Use of Fetuses and Fetal Material published in 1989 and known as the Polkinghorne Report. The Warnock Report, among other ethical issues, considers the most fundamental question which has been debated for thousands of years, namely, What is life and when does it begin? More recently, the report has been responsible for new legislation which imposes ethical and legal restrictions on the scientific and medical community. The Polkinghorne Report recommends a voluntary code of practice which is morally and ethically acceptable within our society. We are also fortunate in the U.K. to have a parliamentary structure which allows debate on such important human issues and is prepared to impose ethical restrictions.     

新时期中外高校体育教育思想发展趋势比较分析

本文介绍了德国和俄罗斯学校在体育发展的多方向、多功能的趋势,分析了我国高校体育教育的现状,从体育与健康课程整合的方面,提出高校体育应借鉴国外体育教育强国的思想观念,强调体育教改应重视学生身心的全面成长,贯穿“个体化、专项化、社会化”的思想。     

美国环境监测QA/QC的进展及对我们的启示

本文着重介绍质量保证与质量控制在环境监测中(特别是有机物监测中)应用的意义。美国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制是如何认识和行动的,我国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制的认识,以及本文作者分别就自己的经验谈对QA/QC的体会,和在监测科研中对我国各级环境监测实验室推行QA/QC的建议。      

美国马萨诸塞州《减少有毒物质使用法》

1989年,美国马萨诸塞州(麻州)通过了《减少有毒物质使用法》(以下简称TURA),旨在促进安全和清洁生产,并提高麻州企业经济效益。与此同时,该州还成立了减少有毒物质研究所(以下简称TURI),以帮助麻州企业在生产过程中减少并消除使用有毒物质。麻州TURA在美国同     

美国沿海城市禁烟势态高涨

1994年3月，美国加利福尼亚州的立法委员会通过和颁布”餐馆，酒吧内一律不准吸烟”的法令。3个月后，又把禁烟范围扩大到政府机关大楼周边地区和公共活动场地，。到2003年9月，加利福尼亚州沿海城市索拉纳滩(Solana Beach)又把禁烟范围率先扩大到海滨沙滩和游泳场。2004年3月，圣克利门蒂(San Clemente)和圣莫尼卡(Senta Monica)两座沿海城市议会投票，     

Debris removal by head-pushing in A. florea Fabr. honeybees

 The nest of the dwarf honeybee A. florea Fabr. consists of a single comb attached to a tree branch. Recruitment dances take place on the upper surface of the comb that must therefore be kept clear of debris. We report here, for the first time, a behaviour that serves for removing leaves and other foreign objects from the surface of the comb. Individual workers crawl under the object and lift it with their heads, pushing it towards the rim where it eventually slides off the comb. Objects that are heavier or fixed at one end such as leaves are nevertheless lifted and kept away from the surface for up to several minutes. This "head-pushing" is frequently performed without the aid of mandibles, and individuals performing it maintain a distinctive posture, holding the forelegs at an angle without touching the object. Repeated involvement of particular individuals indicate that head-pushers might form a distinct task group. Received: 24 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 10 March 2000     

Responding to scientific uncertainty in U.S. forest policy

Scientific uncertainty plays a significant role in forest policy and planning. Ecological complexity, the gap between science and policy, and public perceptions of science all contribute to the challenge of dealing with scientific uncertainty. This paper provides an overview of the role of scientific uncertainty in U.S. forest policy and an analysis of the requirements for responding to uncertainty under the National Forest Management Act, National Environmental Policy Act, and Endangered Species Act. The analysis includes a review of a broad range of literature and relevant statutory and regulatory language, along with several illustrative examples of case law. Findings include that all three laws allow for considerable agency discretion in cases of scientific uncertainty, and none prescribes a particular response to uncertainty. Approaches such as adaptive management may provide a way to proceed despite uncertainty, and while this approach represents something of a new paradigm in public land management, it is not incompatible with the current legal framework. The article concludes with recommendations, such as increased transparency and changes in the norms of judicial review, for increasing the accountability of decisions when uncertainty is involved. Also considered are other suggestions, such as peer-review, Daubert standards, and Bayesian inference techniques.     

浅析美国的军事与环境

近年来,人们逐渐认识到军事活动引起的环境污染和生态破坏不仅危及当代人也危及子孙后代的健康成长,并关系到政治、社会的稳定及经济的健康发展.总结了美国的主要军事污染源,浅析了美国军方有关环境保护方面的政策和措施,并对美军在环境政策上的两面性进行了探讨.