Electric load management in developing countries

Energy planners in developing countries have traditionally sought to meet their nations' growing electricity demands by adding more generation and transmission capacity. But as the foreign investment situation became critical in the 1980s, private investment and system efficiency improvement programmes began to garner interest. One of the most promising system efficiency improvement options is load management, which uses a variety of techniques to utilize the electricity system's existing capacity more efficiently. However, to date, only three countries have seriously considered implementing large load management programmes: Pakistan, Peru and Costa Rica. This paper describes a 1987-89 load control demonstration programme in Costa Rica, sponsored by the US Agency for International Development (AID), in which participating industries were able to reduce their peak demand by 14%.     

高效生物处理技术在炼油厂碱渣废水处理中的应用

结合大港石化实际情况,在详细介绍柴油碱渣应用QBR高效生物处理技术取得成功的基础上,提出酸化回收粗酚或环烷酸并配套QBR、QBF等高效生物处理技术处理各种碱渣的新型工艺路线。经QBR处理后,出水COD去除率可达97%以上,石油类和挥发酚的去除率可达98%以上,硫化物去除率在99%以上。该技术的成功应用解决了困扰石化公司多年的碱渣废水处理的老大难问题,为炼厂碱渣废水乃至高浓度有机废水的处理开辟了一条新的途径。     

加强环境统计工作的若干思考

分析了中国石油天然气集团公司环境统计工作管理现状,从指标体系、指标关注点等方面与国际大石油公司对比,并结合其自身发展历程、现状及特点,指出了中国石油天然气集团公司环境统计管理工作中存在的主要问题,对此进行了阐述,并据此提出了加强中国石油天然气集团公司环境统计管理工作的若干建议。     

Sources of funds for developing country petroleum development

The Third World debt crisis has drastically altered the options open to Third World countries to fund petroleum development. Restricted access to international capital markets means that developing countries are having to reconsider alternative financial options to achieve a satisfactory rate of petroleum development. Of these, only foreign direct investmentis capable of compensating for the loss of more traditional sources of funds. To this end, developing countries are revising and harmonizing prior restrictive direct investment rules and tax codes, with recent financial innovations further underwriting the process.     

建设中国石油HSE信息系统的探讨

HSE管理信息系统的实施对降低健康、安全、环境事故起了重要作用。文章分析了HSE管理信息系统的优势,介绍了其基本构架和功能,为HSE管理信息系统在石油企业的应用推广,实现其对管理的借鉴作用,提出了建议。     

浅析含油污泥处理中石油烃控制指标

石油烃含量是含油污泥处理中必不可少的重要控制指标。文章分析了含油污泥中石油烃组成及主要污染控制要求,介绍了国内外含油污泥处置对石油烃含量的控制现状;依据危险废物鉴别标准的相关规定,以及对原油中芳香族化合物及其多环芳烃含量的研究成果,对采用石油烃指标进行危险废物鉴别做了推论计算。结果认为:含油污泥等固体废物及其处理残余物的石油烃含量≤0.25%,不属于危险废物;石油烃含量介于0.25%～1.7%时,其是否属于危险废物,最终需要进行危险废物鉴别而确定;石油烃含量1.7%,则属于危险废物。     

Tourist Support for Marine Protection in Nha Trang,Viet Nam

Environmental planners often propose tourism as a means of financing programmes to protect significant environmental areas. Surveys of tourists can provide useful information about the significance of environmental problems, trade-offs among policy objectives, willingness to pay (WTP) for protection programmes and preferences for different payment mechanisms. In Khanh Hoa Province, the provincial People's Committee, the Ministry of Fisheries and the World Conservation Union are working to implement Viet Nam's first marine protected area (MPA) in Nha Trang Bay. This paper reports the results of a survey of local and other Vietnamese and foreign tourists to islands that will be included in the MPA. The majority of respondents thought rubbish on the beaches, water pollution and vendors on beaches were problems and that the MPA was a good idea. Foreign tourists were significantly more likely to perceive environmental problems than were Vietnamese tourists, and persons who agreed there were environmental problems were significantly more likely to support the concept of an MPA, despite the potential for possible economic effects with distributive consequences. WTP for protection was modest and positively correlated with education and income. Although foreign tourists were on average willing to pay more, a larger proportion of Vietnamese tourists were willing to pay some amount to support the MPA. Analyses indicate that changes in income and education expected with economic development will increase both awareness of problems and WTP for protection. The results of this analysis are both encouraging and cautionary. The need for an MPA is clearly recognized by most tourists, and most tourists are willing to pay small fees to support the MPA. Given that education has significant impacts on both perceptions of problems and WTP, educational programmes may be an effective strategy for managing the competing objectives of protection and use.     

Rationalization of imports, refineries and distribution of petroleum in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper outlines policies to secure and reduce the cost of oil supplies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), taking into account the existing forces at play: limited foreign exchange, competition for increasingly scarce funds, and the likely emergence of Africa as the fastest growing centre of energy demand over the coming decade. It identifies major inefficiencies in petroleum procurement, refining and distribution, and analyses the specific bottlenecks at each stage of the supply chain. Many of the diseconomies, estimated to yield savings of US$1.4 per year, are traced to an inefficient regulatory set-up in SSA countries, as well as unnecessary government interference in the downstream petroleum sector. In particular, price controls, small topping refineries, monopolistic agencies, government subsidies and opaque management structures prevent the working of efficient market mechanisms. The paper discusses the importance of policy reform, outlining what changes need to be implemented on the levels of institutional arrangements, closing of inefficient units, petroleum pricing and encouraging foreign investment in the sector.     

石油类对小麦生长的影响研究

为了弄清含油土壤中石油类对小麦生长情况的影响,中原油田进行了两年的盆栽小麦实验。实验中采用不同含油浓度,分别对小麦的出苗率、有效分蘖数、株高、穗长、千粒重及品质进行了观察比较。结果表明:土壤中原油含量对小麦的出苗率影响最明显,其它小麦粒中苯并芘及挥发酚残量均低于国家标准。     

Evaluation of leachate composition by multivariate data analysis (MVDA)

Landfills generate emissions in the form of gas and leachate. The emissions are often measured within monitoring programmes. It is likely that the requirements of such monitoring programmes can be extended in the future, particularly in light of the increased interest in specific organic substances. Multivariate data analyses (MVDA) have been used to evaluate the possibility of predicting the content of specific organic substances from more common analyses. The results indicate that this is possible for a specific leachate. MVDA can also be used to reduce the number of analyses performed within existing monitoring programmes while retaining information about all the variables formerly included in the programmes.     

宝浪油田石油勘探开发环境保护工作浅谈

宝浪油由地处新疆焉耆盆地博斯腾湖湖畔,这是一个生态环境较为脆弱且极为敏感的地区,如何保护博斯腾湖水质不受石油勘探作业的污染是一个非常重要的问题。自1994年以来,宝浪油田始终把环境保护工作作为头等大事来抓,在确保焉耆盆地水资源不受污染的前提下进行石油勘探开发,建立了环境管理层层网络,制定了一系列管理制度,并始终如一地坚持执行,踏踏实实地做好保护环境的工作,使我们在6年来的石油勘探开发工作能够顺利进行,并确保了该地区的环境未受到任何污染。     

Trends in foreign investment : Agreements in the resources industry

Recent agreements between host country governments and foreign investors in the resource industries reflect an effort to meet the objectives of both parties. In some cases majority government ownership is combined with management control and the right of veto on certain policy questions by the foreign investor. Imaginative tax formulas are built into agreements that combine the principle of excess profits taxes with that of a minimum DCF rate of return. Expropriation risk is being limited by employing a high debt-equity ratio. Foreign investors are agreeing to programmes and policies that promote host country economic and social development, while host country governments are quaranteeing foreign investors against changes in laws that would affect their profits.     

Global competition for strategic mineral supplies

The USA's dependence on imported sources of strategic minerals has grown substantially since the second world war, while its ability to protect the sealanes critical to foreign supplies has deteriorated. Domestic production has been severely hampered by a lack of access to mining on public lands, and by excessive environmental regulations. No major purchases have been made for the strategic stockpile in 20 years. Concern has been growing in Western Europe and in Japan about secure supplies of strategic minerals. Being even more dependent on foreign sources of supply than the USA, some of these countries have recently initiated their own strategic stockpilling programmes. The USSR, long an important exporter of metals, appears to have changed its mineral trade policy, and has sharply reduced exports while entering the market as an importer of a number of key metals. These developments foreshadow growing competition for world supplies of strategic minerals.     

地震勘探作业过程中环境保护措施分析

文章对目前国内地震勘探作业过程中的环境保护措施现状进行了分析,并对照部分国外石油公司的作法和IAGC及国家《清洁生产促进法》的要求寻找差距,再结合国内的实际情况提出了对地震勘探作业环境保护措施的建议,同时为国内物探行业开拓国际市场,树立绿色施工、文明施工、清洁施工的良好企业形象提供了有益的参考。     

石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究进展

石油炼化企业由于烟气特点、排放特征和减排设施的差别,导致了各炼化企业所采用的烟气脱硫技术的差别较大,尚无成熟、有效、经济的烟气脱硫技术,各炼化企业需要采用的二氧化硫减排技术差别也较大,选用适合炼化企业烟气脱硫的可行工艺技术具有重要现实意义。综合分析了目前国内外已工业化应用的主要烟气脱硫工艺、原理、技术的优缺点以及石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术的发展趋势,为石油炼化企业烟气脱硫技术研究提供了借鉴和参考依据,并对石油炼化企业未来烟气脱硫技术的研究和选用提出了建议。     

International oil market – new directions

This article focuses on changes in the international petroleum industry during the past 20 years and examines some major trends, especially since the oil price collapse of 1986. The resumption of rapid increases in oil demand since 1986 in the developed market economies and the developing world has already led to a pronounced production shift to OPEC member countries where output increased by 6.6 million barrels per day or, 37% since 1985. Cutbacks in petroleum investments in non-OPEC countries are likely to result in even more dependence on the vast proved oil reserves of OPEC. However, the gap between peak output and sustainable production capacities in OPEC has narrowed and there is an urgent need for sizeable investments to expand capacities. Such investment programmes are already being implemented by transnational oil corporations in countries such as Indonesia and Nigeria where the companies had retained equity participation. In other countries such as Iraq and Venezuela where oil operations had been nationalized, transnational oil corporations are being invited to participate in new arrangements for oil production. New arrangements are also being considered in Eastern Europe and the USSR. New understandings, dialogue and cooperation between oil-consuming and producing countries will be necessary for the security of investments, supplies and markets in this process. The unanswered question is whether such cooperation can be achieved in time in order to avoid yet another energy crisis.     

Variations of permeability and pore size distribution of porous media with pressure

Porosity and permeability of porous and fractured geological media decrease with the exploitation of formation fluids such as petroleum, natural gas, or ground water. This may result in ground subsidence and a decrease of recovery of petroleum, natural gas, or ground water. Therefore, an evaluation of the behavior of permeability and porosity under formation fluid pressure changes is important to petroleum and ground water industries. This study for the first time establishes a method, which allows for the measurement of permeability, porosity, and pore size distribution of cores simultaneously. From the observation of the pore size distribution by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time spectrometry the mechanisms of pressure-dependent porosity and permeability change can be derived. This information cannot be obtained by traditional methods. As the large-size pores or fractures contribute significantly to the permeability, their change consequently leads to a large permeability change. The contribution of fractures to permeability is even larger than that of pores. Thus, the permeability of the cores with fractures decreased more than that of cores without fractures during formation pressure decrease. Furthermore, it did not recover during formation pressure increase. It can be concluded that in fractures, mainly plastic deformation takes place, while matrix pores mainly show elastic deformation. Therefore, it is very important to keep an appropriate formation fluid pressure during the exploitation of ground water and petroleum in a fractured formation.     

Renewable energy: Biomass power and biofuels as alternative sustainable energy sources

This article describes biomass fuels as renewable and sustainable energy resources in Minnesota as well as across the United States. This country has long benefited from surplus supplies of diverse energy resources, while our dependency on foreign petroleum supplies and domestic coal reserves has only recently prompted Congress to recognize the importance of renewable and alternative fuels such as biomass energy. Our further utilization of biomass power and biofuels can be an important step in altering our dependency on both coal and petroleum while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide emissions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

极端环境下的石油烃生物降解及其在生物修复中的应用

文章综合论述了微生物在高温、低温、高盐等极端条件下对石油烃的生物降解过程,研究了生物降解在生物修复中的应用效果。同时,还介绍了对于强酸、强碱及高压条件下石油烃生物降解的研究状况,论述了研究石油烃生物降解对开发和丰富微生物资源的重要性。     

Phytoremediation of aged petroleum sludge: effect of irrigation techniques and scheduling

The use of higher plants to accelerate the remediation of petroleum contaminants in soil is limited by, among other factors, rooting depth and the delivery of nutrients to the microsites at which remediation occurs. The objective of this study was to test methods of enhancing root growth and remediation in the subsurface of a contaminated petroleum sludge. The phytoremediation of highly contaminated petroleum sludge (total petroleum hydrocarbons >35 g kg(-1) was tested in the greenhouse as a function of the frequency and the depth of irrigation and fertilization. Water and dissolved plant nutrients were added to the soil surface or at a depth of 30 cm, either daily or weekly. Equivalent quantities of water and nutrients were added in all cases. Daily irrigation at a depth of 30 cm invoked greater root growth and enhanced contaminant degradation relative to all other treatments. In the absence of plants, residual concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons after 7 mo were higher than with plants. The presence of plant roots clearly improved the physical structure of the soil and increased microbial populations. Thus, the plant roots in conjunction with daily additions of soluble N and P appeared to enhance oxygen transport to greater depths in the soil, stimulate petroleum-degrading microorganisms, and provide microbial access to soil micropores. Subsurface irrigation with frequent, small amounts of water and nutrients could significantly accelerate phytoremediation of field soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.