长江流域相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法，计算1988－1998年长江流域相对土地资源承载力、相对经济承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。研究表明：（1）长江流域人口承载力从1988年到1998年一直处于超载状态，经济资源成为长江流域的主要承载资源；（2）相对资源承载力区域差异明显，上海、江苏2省市承载力一直处于富余状态，浙江从1993年起承载力处于富余状态；安徽、江西、湖南、湖北和川渝承载力一直处于超载状态；中上游地区自然资源是主要的承载资源，下游地区资源是主要的承载资源；（3）上游地区生态环境恶化，下游地区人地矛盾日益突出是长江流域可持续发展中存在的主要问题。     

江苏省相对资源承载力与可持续发展问题研究

以往资源承载力的研究成果存在众多的缺陷，本文以江苏省为例，采用相对资源承载力的研究思路和计算方法，计算分析了其1978—1995年相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力及其演化过程。研究表明：①江苏省的经济资源对综合承载力的贡献大于土地资源，是江苏省人口的主要承载资源；②从1982年开始，江苏省的综合承载力超过实际人口数量，进入相对富余状态；③相对资源承载力的地区差异较明显，南部地区处于富余状态，而北部地区处于超载状态；④相对土地资源承载力与相对经济资源承载力的不协调发展是江苏省可持续发展战略中需要重点解决的问题。     

黑龙江省土地综合承载力空间差异研究

区域土地综合承载力研究为差别化土地利用政策的制定提供依据。本文根据土地综合承载力的内涵来构建评价指标体系,运用熵权法、多目标综合评价法及聚类分析法对黑龙江省土地综合承载力的空间差异进行研究。结果表明,黑龙江省土地综合承载力呈现出南高北低、西高东低的空间分异特征。通过障碍因素分析,表明:生态承载是高承载能力区和较高承载能力区(哈尔滨、大庆、齐齐哈尔、绥化)的主要障碍因素;经济承载是中等承载区(鸡西、伊春、佳木斯、牡丹江、黑河、大兴安岭)的主要障碍因素;水土资源承载是低承载能力区(鹤岗市、双鸭山和七台河)的主要障碍因素。在此基础上,针对不同土地综合承载区障碍因素特征提出了差别化土地利用政策。     

湖北省城镇化发展质量评价与空间关联性分析

城镇化发展质量是衡量一个国家或地区社会经济发展水平的重要指标。从人口、土地、社会、经济和城乡协调发展5个方面，构建了一套城镇化发展质量评价指标体系，采用熵值法和空间自相关分析法，对2009和2017年湖北省县域城镇化发展质量进行综合评价，并分析不同县域单元城镇化发展水平在空间上的关联特征。研究结果表明：（1）2009～2017年湖北省城镇化发展质量在整体上呈上升趋势，且各地区的提升速度较快；（2）城镇化发展质量呈现出显著的空间正相关，城镇化发展质量较低县域的集聚程度要高于较高地区；（3）低质量的县域主要位于西部地区，中部地区如宜昌市的集聚程度逐渐增强，高质量县域主要集中在武汉市辖区。通过该分析研究以期为湖北省推进高质量城镇化发展提供决策思考。     

贵州省水资源承载力的空间地域差异

水资源承载力是一个国家或地区可持续发展过程中各种自然资源承载力的重要组成部分,对一个国家或地区综合的发展和发展规模有至关重要的影响。由于水资源承载力是涉及到人口、社会经济发展以及资源环境在内的复杂巨系统,通过利用综合多种因素的状态空间法,从综合、宏观的角度来描述研究区域现实的承载状况,并对其进行定量化表示和分析。以贵州省为例,根据其具体情况,选取了9个指标构成评价指标体系,并对各指标运用反映客观赋权的熵值法进行权重的确定,然后通过状态空间法求算出贵州省现实的水资源承载状态值及其理想状态值。计算结果表明,贵州省目前的水资源承载状况总体上处于超载状态,但不同的地区又有所差异,表现出一定的空间地域性。根据贵州省水资源承载的现状值与理想值的比较,把整个贵州省水资源承载力划分为3种类型区：严重超载区、满载区及可载区。计算结果符合贵州省水资源实际情况,对贵州省水资源的可持续利用具有一定的现实指导意义。     

基于DEA模型的城市用地经济效益比较研究

运用数据包络分析方法（DEA），从城市土地的投入和产出角度，对全国30个省会城市的城市用地经济效益进行比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）在全国30个城市（包括直辖市和部分省会城市），仅上海、杭州、广州和昆明等4个城市为DEA有效城市，即在现有的经济、社会、技术条件下，投入产出达到最佳状态，其余26个城市为非DEA有效城市；（2）南京和哈尔滨处于规模效益递减的发展阶段，上海、杭州、广州和昆明处于规模效益不变的发展阶段，其余24个城市都处于规模效益递增的发展阶段；（3）30个省会城市的城市土地利用经济效益发展极不平衡，呈现东高西低的格局，且城市土地利用普遍不集约；最后对如何提高城市用地经济效益提出了相应的改进措施。     

江苏土地利用综合效益空间分异研究

研究江苏土地利用效益空间分异特征对制定差异化土地利用战略从而实现全省土地资源的合理利用与调控,促进区域之间以及社会、经济与生态环境的协调发展具有重要作用。首先建立了以土地利用综合效益为总目标,土地利用社会效益、经济效益和生态环境效益为子目标,包括22个评价因子的土地利用综合效益评价指标体系。在此基础上,采用多因素加权综合评价法,对江苏省各县（市）进行了土地利用综合效益及协调度评价,根据两者的组合状态将江苏分成高效协调区、中效基本协调区和低效基本协调区三大类型区。整体上看,土地利用综合效益及协调度有从南到北逐渐降低的空间分异特征,其中社会经济发展水平是引起土地利用综合效益和协调度差异的主要原因。针对不同类型区域应实行不同的土地利用战略及相关政策来促进区域之间、社会经济与生态环境之间的协调发展。     

广州市土地利用总体规划与生态脆弱性的耦合分析

以广州市为例，利用2005年的TM影像．并结合DEM、水土流失现状图、地质灾害图、有机质含量分布图及社会经济等数据。分析全市生态环境脆弱性的空间格局特征，并将生态脆弱性区分区圈与土地利用规划图进行空间叠加分析。结果表明：①研究区生态环境优越。生态良好区占85．96％；②人类活动对生态脆弱性格局具有重要的影响。各生态脆弱性类型区的分布有一定的规律性．平原地区好于山区。城区好于郊区；③新一轮土地利用规划结构调整和布局已经充分考虑生态环境因素影响。符合广州市生态环境保护和经济发展的需要。规划实施有利用于提升环境生态服务功能。     

云南省15年生态足迹与承载力分析

定量测度可持续发展状态是可持续发展研究的热点。M．Wackemagel等提出并完善的生态足迹模型就是一种定量测量可持续状态的方法。该方法通过比较一定区域人类社会消费需求所需土地（生态足迹）与该区域可支持的生物生产性土地（生态承载力）来判断区域发展的可持续状态。以云南省为例。对1988至2003年生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算分析。结果表明：15年来。云南省人均生态足迹快速增长，由1988年的0．8568hm^2增长到2003年的1．5845hm^2，年均增幅达4．2％；在人均承载力基本不变的情况下。由于人口增长和消费水平的快速提高，生态赤字持续扩大，从1988年的0．0465hm^2增加到2003年的0．6791hm^2，年增幅超过20％。     

三峡库区土地资源承载力现状与可持续发展对策

三峡库区的土地资源承载力状况直接关系到三峡库区土地与人口、经济社会发展和环境保护之间的平衡关系,对于实现三峡库区经济、社会、生态的可持续发展具有重要意义。首先分析了土地资源承载力概念的发展历程,将其分为3个发展阶段：人口承载力阶段、综合承载力阶段和生态足迹阶段;并根据三峡库区的特点,设计了一个简单易行的承载力计算方法,运用最新的有关数据,对库区的耕地、森林植被以及饲草的承载力状况进行了分析。研究结果表明库区人地关系非常紧张,森林植被分布不均,而饲草供应则非常充足。最后在此基础上提出了要加强库区植被恢复,发展柑橘业、畜牧业和旅游业等传统优势产业以提高库区土地资源承载力的针对性对策。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.