石家庄市城市边缘区扩展遥感分析研究

利用两期(2002年和2007年)的IKONOS、QuickBird、CBERS-02B为数据源,通过分析不同时期土地利用类型的变化过程,重点是城市边缘区的变化,进行城市边缘区扩展研究。研究内容主要为城市边缘区扩展中不同土地利用类型的动态变化,包括空间分布、类型、数量。研究表明,城市扩展的变化主要发生在城市边缘区,2002至2007年间,城市边缘区各种土地利用类型的数量有明显变化。主要是农业用地的减少,从61.94%减少到了53.07%,减少比例接近9%,转换为水域和其他用地、工业用地、居住用地。研究成果为石家庄城市规划建设提供了基础数据。     

北京市丰台区土地利用变化及社会经济驱动力分析

近十年来．北京城市化水平大幅度提升．建设用地不断向外扩展。城市边缘区土地利用变化异常明显。丰台区作为北京城市边缘区的重要组成部分。土地利用变化特征具有典型性，在分析丰台区12年间土地利用的类型变化、数量变化、程度变化和区域变化特征基础上。对形成这种土地利用变化的驱动力从社会经济方面进行了剖析，并在统计软件SPSS的支持下对土地利用变化驱动力指数进行了计算。结果表明．研究时段内土地利用变化幅度大。土地利用程度增加；耕地、园地和未利用地净减．而建设用地和林地净增．土地利用变化的社会驱动力主要是人口增长、经济发展和城市化水平提高．并且这些因素的驱动力指数是逐年增加的。政策的干预作用也不容忽视。     

江苏沿江地区20年来农业土壤资源缩减特征

在遥感和地理信息技术支持下,对江苏沿江地区1984~2003年城镇扩张侵占农业土壤资源的特征进行了研究。结果表明,1984~2000年,江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减主要围绕重要城市,缩减图斑面积大,且区域分布相对平衡。2001~2003年,农业土壤资源缩减速率显著增快且各地市呈不平衡发展,除南京外主要集中在常州、江阴、泰兴、常熟地区。20年来江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减了891%,缩减面积达到 190 713 hm2,所有土壤类型均受到城镇扩张影响,其中水稻土被侵占的面积最大。该区域农业土壤资源按肥力质量可分为5等,1984~2000年,Ⅰ~Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度依次降低。2001~2003年,Ⅰ、Ⅲ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度明显降低,而Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度增加,按受影响程度排序变为Ⅴ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅰ。     

城市化对周边土壤资源与环境的影响

城市化快速发展对土壤资源产生巨大压力。因而对粮食安全与环境生态健康带来严峻挑战，作为一种非再生性自然资源，土壤的各种功能在城市化过程中强烈的人为活动影响下转化，演变和消失，那么，寻求城市化过程中土壤资源的可持续利用，在环境友好的模式下协调土壤自然生态与社会经济发展，最大限谋发挥土壤生态，生产和社会，经济功能，也是城市化快速发展的重要前提，也是最终实现可持续城市目标的基础。     

区域土地利用总体规划碳效应分析——以青海省海东市为例

土地利用变化直接或间接地改变着陆地生态系统碳源、碳汇的分布和大小,进而影响其碳循环过程。因此,进行区域土地利用及其碳效应定量研究和评价,对区域土地资源科学管理和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以青海高原东部的海东市为研究区,在确定土地利用类型碳循环参数的基础上,对规划情景下土地利用变化引起的碳平衡进行分析测算。研究结果表明,在规划情景下,到2020年土地利用结构调整对区域碳平衡有较大的影响。相对于2009年,规划目标年土地利用变化导致区域碳储量增加628.79万t,并以农用地的碳储量为主;规划情景下,区域碳排放量呈增长趋势,碳排放量增加191.91万t。虽然规划情景下,土地利用变化导致区域碳排放的增加,但土地利用结构的优化调整却有利于区域碳储量增加。     

交通道路对区域土地利用变化的影响研究进展

交通运输业是国民经济的重要组成部分,但科学评价交通道路对区域土地利用变化的影响尚未受到足够重视。为此,通过搜集大量文献,归纳了高速公路、普通公路、城市轨道交通、铁路等交通道路对区域土地利用变化的影响。研究表明,目前的研究方向主要集中在交通道路对于区域土地利用类型和景观格局的影响上。研究发现,交通道路可以通过改变交通可达性,影响周边区域土地利用变化,其影响程度与道路等级、与道路距离、原有土地利用类型等有着密切关系。相比较于开放型道路,封闭型交通道路如高速公路、城市轨道交通、铁路等,其对于周边区域土地利用变化的影响主要通过出入口、站点等实现,并在“点”状影响的基础上形成“轴”状影响;在研究方法上,国外学者侧重模型分析,国内学者侧重宏观分析,缓冲区分析等方法是目前普遍使用的方法,但在严谨性上有待改进。最后在特殊节点、特殊地域、改进方法、建立模型等方面对未来的研究进行了展望。 关键词： 交通;土地利用;变化;影响     

丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型土壤养分分布

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的取水口,调水工程的实施使新增淹没区土壤由于淹没浸泡可能使其中氮磷等营养盐释放,对水库水质构成威胁。采集丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,测定现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)不同土地利用类型土壤的氮磷含量,分析消落区土壤养分分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机质含量在滩地和农田混杂区最高,分别为43.9、49.8g/kg,有机质易在扰动强烈或生物多样性丰富的区域累积。现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)土壤中总氮、总磷均值无显著性差异(p0.05)。消落区不同土地利用类型中,果园土壤的总磷、裸地土壤水溶性磷含量均为最高。现有新增消落区土壤磷流失率(0.564%)高于现有消落区(0.378%),需防范新增消落区的磷流失风险。消落区土壤总氮含量与有机质含量呈极显著相关(p0.01);总氮含量范围为0.044%~0.167%,农田、果园等受人为耕作作用强烈的土地利用类型土壤总氮含量相对较高。在消落区实施退耕还林等措施,恢复消落区的植被群落,可有效降低土壤的氮磷的流失。     

城市边缘区土地利用动态规划管理系统

城市边缘区是城市中最活跃、变化最为迅速的地区，是城市研究的重点地区之一。在分析了城市边缘区土地利用结构特征以及土地利用结构的形成机制的基础上，设计了城市边缘区土地利用动态规划管理系统，包括动态监测子系统、预警子系统和决策子系统三部分。系统的建立围绕边缘区土地的增值特点和土地利用动态更替规律，通过对边缘区土地质量和地价的动态评价，模拟边缘区土地利用的动态更替趋势，在此基础上，从生态环境效益、社会效益和经济效益三方面对边缘区已有的土地利用规划进行分析和调整，并据此提出管理措施。作为一个循环反馈的运行机制，系统充分利用经济杠杆作为调节的终结，以保证规划的合理调整和实施可能，从而促进边缘区土地利用结构的优化。     

西藏昌都地区土地利用结构熵值时序分析

研究土地利用结构的变化反映了区域发展和人类活动的强度,是研究区域发展结构的核心内容之一。区域土地利用结构的变化是区域土地利用演变的直接体现,信息熵可以作为土地利用结构有序性的一种度量。借助信息熵理论对藏东地区1992~2004年土地利用结构熵进行了计算与分析,分析结果表明：研究区土地利用结构熵2004年较1992年有所增加,但是增长幅度较小,与全国和西部地区土地利用信息熵水平相比,藏东地区土地利用系统结构熵值较低,有序度较高。土地利用结构变化和地方政策因素是导致昌都地区土地利用结构熵值变化的直接动因,经济发展、人口增长等对土地系统熵值的时序变化也存在影响。信息熵理论反映某区域系统宏观尺度上的土地利用结构特征,对区域土地利用结构的调整有一定的指导和借鉴意义。该理论在区域土地利用结构分析中的应用研究有待进一步深入。     

湘北环湖低丘红壤区土壤资源利用：以盘塘实验区为例

以盘塘红壤实验区为例，在阐明湘北环湖低丘红壤区土壤形成、类型及特性的基础上，提出了综合开发利用该区土壤资源的措施和途径。     

Impact of peri-urban agriculture on runoff and soil erosion in the rapidly developing metropolitan area of Jakarta,Indonesia

Negative effects of land use change on water resources are among the most important environmental problems widely found in rapidly developing urban areas. Preserving green open spaces, including peri-urban agriculture, has been emphasized in urban planning to maintain or enhance the water catchment capacity of a landscape. However, the effect of agriculture on water-related landscape functions varies depending on the type, distribution, and management of farmland. This paper analyzes the dynamics of agricultural land and its effect on runoff and soil erosion, in order to support agricultural land management in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA) with Indonesia’s capital Jakarta at its core. In 2012, agricultural land in JMA covered 53% of the total area, mostly located in the peri-urban zone. Peak Flow and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) models were used to quantify the increase of runoff and soil erosion in the three most important water catchment areas in JMA caused by an expansion of dryland agriculture and mixed gardens from 1983 to 2012. Critical zones, which generate most of the runoff and soil erosion, were identified in each of the catchment areas. While reforestation of farmland in these zones will be only an option on steep slopes given the great food demands and rural livelihood, adoption of soil and water conservation practices can make a substantial contribution to reduce flood risks and conserve the productivity of agricultural land. A specific set of policy incentives is recommended considering agricultural land use types distribution and their impact on runoff and soil erosion.     

Changing land use/cover patterns and implications for sustainable environmental management in the Irangi Hills,central Tanzania

This article examines the changes in land-use/cover types in the Irangi Hills, central Tanzania during the last 45 years and how such changes have influenced environmental and agricultural sustainability in the area. The spatial and temporal changes of land-use/cover were analysed through aerial photographs interpretation. Local perceptions and experiences of changes were addressed through household interviews and field observations. Results from this study show that during the last 45 years open and wooded grasslands, and other tree-cover types covered about 40% of the land area, ranging from 29% in 1960 to 43–45% between 1977 and 1992. Also, during the same period both the total area and spatial distribution of cultivated fields varied greatly. The cultivated area increased from 31% in 1977 to 35% in 1992, mainly due to agricultural expansion into areas formerly used for grazing and in sandy watercourses that shrunk by 55% between 1977 and 1992. The spatial distribution of the different land-use/cover types is influenced by variations in the scale of soil erosion and soil-conservation initiatives implemented in the Irangi Hills since the early 1970s. However, with increasing pressure on the land, and the declining capacity of the soil conservation authority, sustaining agricultural production in the area remains a major challenge.     

The Spatial Dimension of Landscape Sustainability

Sustainability indicators are mostly derived from parameters which are, in the spatial dimension, more or less distribution-free. In the majority of cases, the indicators are based on statistical data on production, consumption, pollutants emission, land use, etc. This statistical approach is liable to mask sustainability risks which are primarily caused by specific spatial and temporal patterns of landscape and land use structure, such as degradation of soil functions, disturbances in the landscape's water balance, and losses in functional habitat quality.Sustainability risks due to ecologically non-adapted spatial landuse patterns require measures on regional to local scales, based on disaggregated, spatially explicit indicators. Depending on the respective planning and decision level, different levels of spatial aggregation/disaggregation have to be considered.In the concept presented here, a differentiated approach is proposed. For an aggregated assessment of landscape sustainability, long term monitoring of the dynamics of water flow and matter load at the outlet point of river catchments is recommended. A prerequisite for analyzing those measurements in terms of the catchments' land cover and land use pattern, as well as changes thereof, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) holding relevant up-to-date geodata sets. For a spatially more detailed indication of sustainability risks, an approach of GIS-based functional landscape assessment was demonstrated in a regional case study.The results show GIS on regional to local scales together with satellite remote sensing data on land cover and landuse to be a powerful data basis for spatially explicit landscape evaluation, provided that suitable models for assessing specific landscape functions are applied.     

上海城市土地利用形成、变化及其空间作用机制

基于多时段TM遥感影象资料,对上海地区近10年来城市土地利用变化类型、形成过程和相关空间机制进行了研究,结果表明：①农业用地是全区近10年来城市用地扩展的主要来源;②灌草丛与弃耕地作为一类独特的“中间过渡”土地利用类型,其数量、分布在一定程度上指示着新开发区形成、扩展的强度和方位;③具有较大面积、较少转变次数的土地利用变化类型,其空间格局强度最为显著,空间凝集度和亲和性也最强,构成区域城市化扩展的主体骨架。在此基础上,以具有较大规模的多个扩展核（常构成城市的CBD）为核心的“多核扩展”和以卫星城、交通干线周围为主的“点—轴扩展”模式,成为本区域城市化过程中城市形态组建和扩展的主要形式;④上海中心城区及其他主要城镇城市化过程中土地利用效率和集约化程度较高,以中、小城镇为主的城市化扩展过程则往往经历了较多的土地利用转变方式及其过程,城市化过程中土地集约化使用程度低,城市化土地利用扩展过程显得零散,规律性、可解释性较差。     

土地利用变化情景下牧羊河水文响应研究

土地利用方式变化影响水量平衡各要素的分配,进而导致流域水源涵养能力发生变化。选用长江流域金沙江水系下段牧羊河小流域内及周边气象站气象资料,植被、土壤以及地形数据,构建了研究区SWAT水文模型,分析其在牧羊河适用性后,结合1986~2009年的土地利用以及设置的人类活动增强和生态环境改善的4种土地利用变化情景,用率定好的SWAT模型分析了土地利用变化下牧羊河水文响应。结果表明：径流依次按1986、2000、2009、1995年土地利用方式减小,而蒸散依次按2009、1986、2000、1995年土地利用方式减小,土地利用对径流和蒸散的影响在汛期大于非汛期,随着林地面积的增加径流将减小;将现有耕地变为林地或变为草地都有助于减少径流,从流域水源水量涵养角度出发,构建适宜的生态系统将有助于减少径流和蒸散,而增加入渗。这一结果为牧羊河水源涵养林建设提供科学依据     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

2003~2009年鄱阳湖流域土壤水分时空变化特征及影响因素

鄱阳湖流域水文过程是区域研究的热点问题,但相对于其它水文要素而言,土壤水分的时空分布特征及其影响因素尚缺乏系统研究,成为流域水文过程研究不确定性的主要来源之一。采用AMSR E土壤水分数据,从流域、子流域及地表覆被等不同的空间尺度,阐明了鄱阳湖流域2003～2009年土壤水分的年际与年内变化特征,并分析其影响因素。研究表明：在流域尺度上,土壤水分总体呈现中心低、周边高的“漏斗式”空间分布形态,但夏、秋季节空间差异性减弱,年际土壤水分呈现较强的下降趋势,其中以湖区下降速度最大;在地表覆被尺度上,林地土壤水分最高、年际下降速度最低,表明其在年际尺度上对干旱具有较强的调节作用,不同地表覆被类型的土壤水分年内差异较明显,但在6、7及10月差异较小,地表覆被对土壤水分的调节作用减弱;在影响因素方面,降水是土壤水分的主要影响因素,气温、灌溉等则一定程度上影响了土壤水分的变化特征。研究结果不仅有利于加强对流域水文过程的理解与认识,同时可为水资源管理及防旱抗旱等提供科学的辅助依据     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Local and global factors in organization of Central-European orthopteran assemblages

Our case study revealed that organization of the studied local assemblages is dominated by mechanisms uniform globally, from which in Central-Europe (1) vegetation height, (2) overall vegetation cover, (3) cover of the dicotyledonous and mesophilous monocotyledonous species, (4) microclimate, (5) annual rainfall and (6) insolation in April have main importance. Life-form- and ecotype-structure of the assemblages in habitats characterized by similar vegetation-structure and microclimate seem to be conservative at Eurasian scale, but species-composition of the local variants is determined by individual effects of zoogeography, landscape structure, landuse and habitat-history.     

武汉市狮子山地区土地利用结构变化与肥力评价

通过对武汉市狮子山地区８０年代与９０年代土地利用结构及土壤肥力５个养分因子的综合分析，初步了解该区土地利用结构及土壤肥力变化特点。以土壤肥力评价为重点，提出了４种肥力评价模型，用最优模型对该区土壤肥力进行了分级评价。为城郊土地资源的合理利用提供依据。