编者的话

千禧年的钟声即将响起，值此千载一逢的时机，本刊全体同仁谨向奋战在环境保护第一线的同志和热忱关心本刊的读者致以亲切的问候！本刊去年岁末向读者发出征询办刊方略的调查函后，得到了广大读者的热烈响应，在此谨向各位热情来函的读者、专家表示衷心的感谢！读者的需要...     

建设项目环评报告书中存在的水环境监测问题及解决方法

项目建设前的环境质量(包括水环境质量)是环境影响评价的基础,预测项目建设后的环境质量是环境可行性评价结论的依据,环境质量的表征数据是通过环境监测工作取得,环境监测的规范性要求,开展监测要得到的数据必须具备"五性",才能表征某一监测地区的环境质量。由于环境评价的中介服务性,以及时间与经费的关系,对环境监测点位、频次进行压缩与省略,使得监测数据无法保障其代表性,影响建设项目环境影响报告书得出可信的结论。如何保障监测数据的质量,以最少的监测点、最恰当的监测时期、最少的监测频次,取得最有代表性的数据表征建设项目周围的环境质量,从而确保评价依靠的环境质量基础可靠,评价结论可信,是一个值得探讨的问题。     

兰州黄河水——地下水关系研究

通过分析认为，黄河流量的变化是影响地下水位变化的最重要的因素之一，黄河水质在现状条件下没有对地下水来显著污染，地下水质的恶化更重要的是黄河补给量的减少相对地引起咸水补给量的增大造成的。     

关于环境监测现代化问题的思考

我国的环境监测工作一直坚持为环境管理服务的方向,为环境管理提供了有效的技术支持,并在环境管理的不断深化中逐渐发展和壮大,初步形成了具有我国特点的环境监测管理与技术体系。然而,随着改革开放的深入和加入WTO后压力的增加,环境监测能力和水平逐渐难以适应新形势的要求。严格而规范的环境管理呼唤现代化的环境监测作为支撑,而现代化的环境监测必将成为环境管理现代化的有力保障。     

黄河水中氨基酸对Cu(Ⅱ)与沉积物相互作用等温线的影响

研究了黄河水中 Cu2 +与沉积物相互作用的等温线以及酪氨酸和谷氨酸对等温线的影响。得到的等温线具有一个“拐点”两个“平台”,是一种台阶型的二级交换等温线。用分级离子交换等温式求出了平衡常数 K1 和 K2 。氨基酸对微量金属与沉积物的相互作用有明显的影响 ,影响的程度取决于它们的浓度和等电点。实验证明 :低浓度的氨基酸促进Cu2 +与沉积物的交换吸附。当两种氨基酸的浓度相同时 ,促进作用的程度与氨基酸的等电点有关 ,酪氨酸的促进作用比谷氨酸大。     

环境监测仪器设备的期间核查

仪器设备的期间核查（又称运行检查）是实验室认可和计量认证要求的质量管理的一种方式,但针对具体的行业或具体的仪器设备,往往缺乏明确和可操作性的方法。环境监测机构一般有较多的仪器设备,并且往往分属于不同的类别。现结合环境监测机构的特点,提出环境监测仪器设备期间核查的具体要求和做法。     

监测仪器使用中的电干扰及其防止

随着环境科学的发展,环境监测数据的资料已成为国家制定规划和立法的重要依据。因此,保证监测数据的可靠性就显得极为重要。以往我们注意的大多是化学方面引起干扰。本文着重介绍了由电引起的干扰(以下所指的干扰均为电干扰)以及防止方法,希望能引起监测人员的重视。 一、干扰和干扰源 所谓干扰,即有用信号以外的噪声或造成恶劣影响的变化部分的总称。干扰来自干扰源,在人们生活的环境中存在着各种各样的干扰源。通常干扰又分为外部干扰和内部干     

高锰酸盐指数测定方法的研究

着重介绍了测定水中高锰酸盐指数的方法和影响测定结果准确性的因素，通过大量实验结果表明样品的酸度，氧化剂的浓度，试剂加入的顺序，溶液的温度及加热时间等对样品的测定均有影响，其中加热时间的长短是关键影响因素。     

连续排放监测系统性能检验第二部分 EPA 检验方法

为了认可或确保连续排放监测系统的质量 ,美国ＥＰＡ要求检验连续排放监测系统的性能技术指标。通过检验 ,评价系统在工厂现有条件下的运行状况。进行校准漂移检验或相对准确度检验时 ,实际上也检查了系统采集烟气的能力、系统对线路电压波动时的响应和系统对管道振动以及环境温度、环境大气压变化的敏感程度。系统的性能技术指标检验 ,不是在实验室的控制条件下对系统的性能进行评价 ,而是在工厂运行条件下的现场对系统的性能进行评价。出于竞争的目的 ,连续排放监测系统的销售商必须要保证安装的系统能满足技术条件的要求 ,因为性能技术指…     

履行职责 开拓创新 全面加强环境监测质量管理工作——在部分省级环境监测站环境监测质量管理座谈会上的讲话

1提高认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作大家都知道,环境监测是环境保护工作的重要基础和技术支撑,是环境管理不可缺少的重要手段.环境监测信息是否准确,分析的结论是否客观,将直接影响到环境决策的正误.而环境监测数据、信息是监测工作最重要的成果,是分析判断环境问题最基本的前提.获取真实有效的监测数据和信息是环境监测的直接目的.数据和信息的有效性包括监测样品的时空代表性(即优化的监测点位和科学的采样频次),实验数据的科学准确性(即有标准规范的分析方法、优良先进的仪器设备、自动便捷的监测手段和现代可靠的高新技术)和监测行为的合法有效性(即监测人员须持证上岗、仪器设备须计量认证、分析结果须经全过程的质量保证和质量控制),因此,提高对环境监测质量管理工作重要性的认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作是各级环保部门做好环境监测工作的前提,要通过你们共同的努力,扎实的工作在监测机构内部营造一种重视环境监测质量管理,重视监测全过程质量保证和质量控制的工作氛围,将环境监测质量管理工作抓紧抓实.2履行职责,充分发挥环境监测质量管理工作的作用十多年来,环境监测技术得到了长足的发展,环境监测管理形式也发生了较大的变化,目前发布的“两项制度”是对19...     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

Patchy Distribution Fields: An Interleaved Survey Design and Reconstruction Adequacy

A mathematical model was used to compare the effects of a regular (one-pass) or interleaved (two-pass) acoustic survey on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches of different shapes and spatial orientations, and a set of parallel or zigzag transects forming a regular or interleaved acoustic survey. The efficiency of a survey is determined by the adequacy of a reconstructed field to that originally generated, which is evaluated by calculating their correlations. Regarding the immovable fields, the efficiency of a regular or interleaved acoustic survey was tested with the following two alternative assumptions: (1) the entire survey was completed; (2) the survey was interrupted for some reason at the moment when one transect remained non-accomplished. In the former case, the efficiencies of both acoustic surveys were nearly the same; in the latter case, the efficiency of an interleaved survey was superior to that of a regular one. With respect to movable fields, the efficiency of the completed interleaved surveys was even higher than that of the regular ones. Thus, the results obtained allow us to conclude that an interleaved survey is expedient in cases where there is no preference regarding the position of a vessel for further work.     

Evaluating the heavy metal contamination in sediments from the guadalquivir estuary after the Aznalcóllar mining spill (SW Spain): a multivariate analysis approach

The Doñana National Park is one of the most importantNatural Reserves in west Europe. The park and theGuadalquivir estuary were impacted by the release of 5million cubic meters of acid waste from the processing ofpyrite ore. Here are presented a multivariate analysisapproach to evaluate the extension and the magnitude of theaccidental spill on the estuarine sediments. Sediments wereused to analyze 6 different metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu).Also the concentration of the metals in the differentgeochemical sediment fractions were determined as a means ofassessing the potential impact of the acid water from themine. The analysis of the results obtained permits toestablish that the impact of the accident was acute on theecosystem due to the set up of a treatment plan in June 1998and to the high hydrodynamic of the estuary that absorb theearly impact. Chronic contamination by Cu was also detectedduring the monitoring of the impact of the accident in theestuary but this did not appear to be related to theaccidental spill. Because the likelihood of long term adverseeffects from the heavy metal contamination of estuarinesediments, further ecotoxicological evaluations should becarried out for the estuary and the park using an integrated approach.     

水样中双酚A检测技术研究

介绍了水样中双酚A检测技术的最新研究进展,评述了光谱分析、传感器检测、免疫检测及生物检测等四种方法的特点及实际应用情况,探讨了水样中双酚A检测技术的发展方向.     

Biological Adverse Effects on Bivalves Associated with Trace Metals Under Estuarine Environments

Toxic effects of pollutants on marine organisms can be studied both by performing field measurements, and by undertaking laboratory simulation experiments. Here is described the effect of trace metals Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu on the clam Scrobicularia plana along a salinity gradient simulated in a hypothetical estuary using simulation experiments. The simulator produces a continuous entry of trace metals into the estuary through injection in the lower salinity tank of the system. The clams were exposed during two weeks to different concentration of trace metals to assess the bioaccumulation process along a salinity gradient. Bivalves were analysed for body tissue residue to determine the bioaccumulation factors related to each metal and the salinity influence was addressed. Differences among tanks were observed as a result of the salinity gradient. In the achieved assays, the mechanism of bioaccumulation of Zn and Cd in organisms was more efficient at high salinity values. Bioaccumulation factors for both metals showed a linear increase with the increase of salinity values. It seems that the mechanism of bioaccumulation of Pb and Cu in organisms was dependent on two simultaneous processes: the proximity to the input point of metals and the low salinity values.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Measurement of Atmospheric Deposition Under Forest Canopies: Some Recommendations for Equipment and Sampling Design

Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such, throughfall (and stemflow to a lesser extent) has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple, the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved) and the available means.     

Effect Of Reagent (Dye) Addition In Wet Chemical Method Of Sulfur Dioxide Determination In Ambient Air

For measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in ambient air, the United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) had recommended the PRA dye-based colorimetric method as a reference technique. The method has been developed and applied in many countries for a longtime; however information regarding the sensitivity of the method with respect to sampling and analysis conditions is not available. Collaborative studies conducted in some of the South East Asian countries indicated substantial variations (of the order of 50%) in the measured concentrations against the true values. It was observed that dye used for color development plays an important role and even a slight variation in the way the dye solution is prepared can cause substantial variation in the measured SO₂ concentration. Because a major objective of air quality measurements is to relate air pollution concentration to the effects of air pollution, it is important that the method used should yield accurate levels of the pollutant, so that appropriate management plans can be devised and implemented effectively. In the present investigation, therefore, the role of dye used in SO₂ monitoring method has been highlighted. Different makes of dyes prepared in different modes were used to study the variation in the measured SO₂ concentration levels. Specifications of all the dyes were also tested. Need for use of certified reference material (CRM) for SO₂ has also been emphasized.     

催化分光光度法测定环境样品中微量碘

本文介绍一个简单而灵敏的催化分光光度法,用于测定环境样品中微量碘,本法系基于亚硝酸根存在时微量碘离子催化还原硫氰酸铁络含物,并以分光光度计测量该红色络合物的减弱强度,在一定温度时,该络合物的分解速度正比于磺的含量.在给定的实验条件下,磺离子的浓度在0.001-0.024毫克/升之间服从比尔定律. 本法已成功地应用于天然水、土壤、海底泥和海生物中微量磺的测定,结果良好.