地质聚合物固化稳定化重金属复合污染土壤

以污染土壤部分替代偏高岭土,在碱激发剂的作用下制备地质聚合物稳定化处理Pb、As、Cd复合污染土壤,研究了其稳定化效果及处理后固化体中重金属的赋存形态。结果表明:污染土壤部分替代高岭土降低了固化体抗压强度,从力学性能上看,土壤掺量低于50%时,能满足建筑材料的强度要求(10 MPa),掺量为60%仅能满足固废填埋要求(5 MPa),土壤掺量≥70%均不能满足要求。随着土壤掺量增加,对土壤中重金属的稳定化效果也逐渐降低,当土壤Pb、As和Cd浓度分别为600、80和22 mg·L~(-1)(HJ 350-2007B)时,土壤掺量在20%~50%,固化体中3种元素浸出浓度均低于浸出标准;当土壤掺量达到60%时,Pb的浸出浓度不能满足标准要求,当土壤掺量增加至70%,固化体中Pb、Cd浸出浓度均超标。固定土壤掺量为30%,随着污染土壤中重金属含量的增加,浸出浓度也增加:土壤中3种重金属浓度为HJ 350-2007B时经过30 d的稳定化处理,浸出浓度满足标准要求;而当浓度达到HJ 350-2007B的2倍时,Pb浸出浓度超标;达到HJ 350-2007B的3倍时,3种Pb、As和Cd均超出浸出标准。固化体中Pb、As、Cd的形态研究表明,外源重金属进入土壤后多以活性较高的形态存在,经过固化稳定后活性态占比降低、残渣态占比增加。     

重金属Pb、As污染土壤的稳定化修复评价方法研究

稳定化修复是广泛应用的土壤修复技术之一,然而目前对该项技术修复效果的评价方法并不完善。鉴于此,提出分层原位取样的淋溶实验及外源污染的截留柱实验作为评价方法,分别评价稳定化修复过程中重金属在土壤中的迁移风险和稳定化修复的适应性。结果表明,稳定化修复后5cm深度土壤浸出液中As和Pb浓度分别降低了92.6%和98.4%;而稳定剂对于25cm深度土壤中的Pb、As截留效果不同,稳定化修复后的As污染土壤对Cd有较好的截留效果,而稳定化修复后的Pb污染土壤对于Cd的截留能力低于对照组。基于淋溶实验和截留柱实验的评价方法具有良好的应用前景。     

重金属复合污染土壤稳定化研究及效果评价

用自制稳定化试剂CTS-AC01试剂对广西河池某砒霜厂遗址As、Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤进行稳定化研究并进行效果评价。结果表明:(1)CTS-AC01试剂可以降低土壤中重金属的毒性特征浸出程序(TCLP)浸出液浓度,使As、Cd、Pb、Zn的稳定效率分别达到87.7%、93.7%、90.9%、99.5%;(2)经过20次模拟淋溶,淋溶液中As、Cd、Pb、Zn的质量浓度分别为0.199、0、0、0.017mg/L,除As浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类水质标准外,其他3种重金属均已达标;(3)通过土壤中重金属形态分析发现,稳定化主要是将可交换态和氧化结合态向残渣态转化,但20次模拟淋溶对土壤中重金属形态的影响不大,更长期的淋溶作用有待进一步研究。     

硫化亚铁稳定化修复重金属污染湖泊底泥的效率及机理

研究了硫化亚铁(FeS)对重金属污染湖泊底泥的稳定化修复效率及作用机制。结果表明:FeS能有效稳定化湖泊底泥中的重金属Cu、Pb和Cd。当水溶液初始pH=2,FeS的添加量为5%(质量分数)时,重金属Cu、Pb和Cd的稳定化率分别达到72.83%、55.25%和48.17%。水溶液初始pH在2~7范围内逐渐增加时,FeS对重金属的稳定化效率逐渐降低。在FeS稳定化重金属的过程中,Cu的稳定化主要通过形成CuS沉淀,Pb和Cd的稳定化均包含生成金属硫化物沉淀和Fe(OH)_3共沉淀过程,但Fe(OH)_3共沉淀对Pb的稳定化贡献显著大于Pb S沉淀,而Fe(OH)_3共沉淀和CdS沉淀对Cd的稳定化贡献相当。     

EDTA/纳米羟基磷灰石联合修复重金属污染土壤

土壤淋洗可能导致残留重金属活化,采用淋洗/钝化联合修复重金属污染土壤可在一定程度上减少这一影响。研究了EDTA淋洗、纳米羟基磷灰石钝化及两者联合修复对土壤重金属洗脱率、TCLP浸出浓度、化学形态分布的影响,构建了涵盖土壤重金属残留量、生物有效性和生理毒性的环境风险评价方法,对淋洗、钝化及其联合修复进行了评价。结果发现,EDTA淋洗对Pb和Cu的洗脱效果较好,对Zn浸出浓度的削减率较高。当EDTA投加量为2 g·L~(-1)时,Zn的浸出浓度降低了70.40%。纳米羟基磷灰石对Pb和Zn具有较好的钝化效果,对Cu和Cd的钝化作用相对较弱。当纳米羟基磷灰石投加量为2%时,Pb浸出浓度削减率高达89.65%。淋洗/钝化联合修复大幅度降低了Pb和Cd的浸出浓度,降低了可还原态Cu残留量、可还原态和残渣态Cd残留量,以及弱酸提取态和可还原态Zn、Pb残留量。当EDTA和纳米羟基磷灰石投加量分别为1 g·L~(-1)和1%时,土壤重金属总环境风险削减率达到74.12%。EDTA对土壤中Cu和Cd的洗脱效果较好,后续钝化修复作用有限,Pb和Zn则可通过淋洗/钝化联合修复大幅度提高削减环境风险削减率。     

土壤中Pb、Cd的稳定化修复技术研究进展

在众多重金属修复技术当中,稳定化技术具有花费少、环境损失小等诸多优势。综述了国内外土壤中Pb、Cd稳定化修复的研究进展;分析了稳定剂的作用机制、土壤中Pb、Cd的赋存形态;探讨了土壤中Pb、Cd稳定化修复的主要影响因素。最后,还提出了稳定化修复技术在土壤中Pb、Cd污染治理应用中尚存在的问题。     

石灰干化污泥对土壤重金属稳定化处理的效果

以采自湖南省嘉禾县重金属复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP和BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。研究结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-98.92%、Cd-99.06%、Pb-96.84%;但是干化污泥的高pH值导致稳定后土壤中As的浸出增加。为了恢复植物生长功能,经过亚铁盐和磷酸调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时亚铁盐和磷酸有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果;但是对Cd的稳定有负面影响;另外,亚铁盐的加入同时可以减少As的浸出浓度。经处理后土壤中重金属形态由不稳定态转为稳定态,使重金属的浸出浓度明显降低,减少了土壤重金属的浸出毒性。该研究结果表明,石灰干化污泥可以作为资源回收利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质。     

螯合剂稳定化飞灰中Pb和Cd浸出行为研究

考察了螯合剂稳定化飞灰(以下简称螯合灰)中重金属Pb、Cd的浸出特性。结果表明,各螯合灰样品中Pb总浓度均高于Cd,经醋酸缓冲液浸提后,各样品中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度均超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)的标准限值,且Pb超标倍数均高于Cd。样品中Pb的浸出行为表现为高浸出浓度低浸出率,而Cd则为高浸出率低浸出浓度。浸提前后各螯合灰样品中Pb、Cd均以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,在醋酸浸提过程中,螯合灰中的Pb、Cd均易再次形成不溶性的碳酸盐或氢氧化物沉淀,因此在中性或偏酸性环境中依然存在较大浸出风险。     

淹水对土壤重金属浸出行为的影响及机制

为了明确淹水对土壤重金属浸出行为的影响及其作用机制,以实际场地重金属污染土壤为研究对象,开展了淹水实验。对淹水过程中土壤重金属的浸出浓度、氧化还原电位、pH、铁氧化物浓度及重金属形态等相关指标进行测定了分析。结果表明,淹水后,重金属浸出浓度随淹水时间呈现先增长后降低趋势。淹水初期(30 d),Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb浸出浓度分别增加了6.71%、4.03%、3.56%和4.55%。pH降低、有机质降解和铁氧化物还原溶解是导致重金属浸出浓度升高的主要原因。随淹水时间的持续增加,重金属浸出浓度逐渐降低并于90 d时趋于稳定。淹水结束时(180 d),Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb浸出浓度分别降低了23.78%、16.78%、15.48%和15.45%。重金属形态分析表明,淹水促使重金属赋存形态由酸可提取态转化为可还原态和可氧化态,降低了重金属活性;矿物成份分析证实了金属硫化铜物相的生成。新形成的无定形氧化铁对重金属的吸附作用和硫化物与重金属的化学沉淀作用是重金属浸出浓度降低的主要机制。该研究为淹水条件下重金属污染土壤风险控制提供了依据。     

不同固化剂对底泥重金属稳定化效果的研究

通过浸出毒性方法,考察了CaO、磷酸二氢铵(MAP)、磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、磷酸氢二铵(DAP)、磷酸二氢钠(MSP)和一种镁系胶凝剂M1对底泥重金属的稳定化效果。结果发现,当CaO的添加量为75 g/kg,底泥中Zn、Pb、Ba和Mn的浸出浓度分别降低了72.8%、67.6%、34.9%和94%;当M1的添加量为200 g/kg,Zn、Ba和Mn浸出浓度分别降低了85.1%、76.1%和99%,Pb的浸出浓度降低95%以上;当MAP、MCP、DAP、MSP的添加量为100 g/kg,Zn的浸出浓度下降了70%~85%,Mn的浸出浓度下降了40%~90%,Ba的浸出浓度下降95%以上。此外,MAP、MCP、DAP和MSP的添加使底泥中总磷的浸出浓度显著增大。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.