催化剂在选择性催化还原法烟气脱硝技术的选择研究

介绍了SCR、SNCR等脱硝技术,着重介绍了SCR烟气脱硝技术中催化剂的基本知识及常用的催化剂种类,阐述了燃煤电厂应用SCR技术对催化剂的要求,并分析了影响催化剂钝化的主要因素。     

超低排放背景下燃煤电厂烟气控制技术费效评估

在煤电机组超低排放趋势背景下,煤电企业需积极开展燃煤电厂大气污染物排放控制关键技术研究,快速推进环保升级改造,以期实现低成本下燃煤机组大气污染物的超低排放。基于环境审计中成本效益估算原则,收集实际工程案例投资和运行参数,建立了烟气脱硫、脱硝技术费效数据库,评估了燃煤电厂典型大气污染物控制技术的费用效益。烟气脱硫技术中,循环流化床半干法单位装机容量的系统初投资、年运行费用分别为25.78万、5.68万元/MW,均高于石灰石/石膏湿法。烟气脱硝技术中,选择性催化还原(SCR)技术的效费比仅为1.15,显著低于选择性非催化还原(SNCR)技术(1.63)和SNCR/SCR联用技术(1.36),但SCR技术脱硝效率高达80%,而SNCR技术的脱硝效率仅为30%,因此脱硝技术选型时不宜将效费比作为唯一参考指标。     

水泥窑炉烟气催化还原脱硝技术研究进展

水泥工业是NOx的高排放行业,现有的燃烧控制技术难以满足日益提高的环保要求,因此烟气脱硝技术在水泥工业的应用将势在必行.选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术是脱硝率最高的烟气脱硝技术,在燃煤电厂已有较大规模的应用,但是在水泥工业中的研究和应用相对滞后.简要介绍了SCR脱硝技术工作原理及其在水泥窑炉的应用现状,总结了催化材料研究和应用进展,探讨了水泥窑炉NOx减排用SCR脱硝技术和催化材料的研究方向.     

燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统变更气-气换热器的环境经济可行性分析

燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统是否设置气-气换热器(GGH)所带来的环境经济利弊已引起各方面的普遍关注.结合工程实例,从环境影响、经济效益等方面对燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统GGH变更进行论证.结果表明,实施GGH变更,新增选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝设施具有较显著的环境经济效益.     

燃煤电厂静电除尘器协同控制汞排放

对燃煤电厂静电除尘设备协同控制汞排放影响因素展开深入研究,主要分析除尘器前后烟气中汞形态浓度的变化情况、除尘器内部飞灰对烟气汞的吸附及SCR脱硝反应器对除尘器脱汞的影响.采用安大略法和Lumex汞分析仪分别对我国8家电厂烟气、煤和灰中汞含量进行了测试,并对某电厂SCR反应器前后飞灰汞含量进行了测试对比.     

基于生命周期评价的选择性催化还原脱硝技术还原剂的选择研究

应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以燃煤电厂选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术中还原剂的选择为研究对象,对液氨与尿素的生产、运输、存储与供应、脱硝及废液处理5个过程进行了清单分析,着重分析了液氨与尿素的生产、运输的能耗及其对环境的影响。计算结果表明,尿素对环境的负面影响大于液氨对环境的负面影响。因此,如果从对环境的影响看,燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术在选择还原剂时,应采用对环境负面影响小的液氨。     

基于实测的燃煤电厂烟气协同控制技术对SO_3去除效果的研究

选取国内10台典型燃煤电厂发电机组,对其主要烟气控制设备进出口SO_3浓度进行实测。结果发现,选择性催化还原(SCR)反应器的主要功能是脱硝,而低低温电除尘器、湿法脱硫装置和湿式静电除尘器具有很好的脱硫效果。实测得到某典型发电机组负荷率分别为75%、100%的工况下,SO_3综合脱除率可达89.67%、93.98%。因此,SCR反应器/低低温电除尘器/湿法脱硫装置/湿式静电除尘器联用是良好的脱硫脱硝烟气协同控制技术。     

平板玻璃工业窑炉烟气中低温SCR脱硝中试研究

我国平板玻璃工业正面临严峻的NOx控制形势,研究并推广玻璃窑炉高效脱硝技术对玻璃工业发展及大气环境保护均具有重要意义。选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术是国内外公认效率最高的脱硝技术,然而该技术在玻璃窑炉中推广应用还面临诸多技术问题。本研究设计并建设了10 000 Nm3/h的平板玻璃工业窑炉中低温SCR脱硝中试装置,分析了玻璃窑炉烟气组分波动规律及其对SCR脱硝系统的潜在影响,考察了烟气温度、喷氨量控制和烟气处理量等工艺参数,开展了为期6 d的连续运行实验。这些在实际烟气中开展的研究为玻璃窑炉SCR脱硝技术研究分享了大量一手数据和经验。     

SCR反应器入口参数与反应温度对脱硝性能的交互作用

为系统研究选择性催化还原(SCR)反应器入口参数与反应温度对脱硝性能的交互作用,基于E-R机理,通过建立SCR脱硝反应一维模型,结合燃煤电厂调峰实际运行数据设定入口参数界限,利用MATLAB数值仿真,分别对反应温度同氨氮摩尔比(NSR)、入口NO质量浓度和入口速度对脱硝效率及氨逃逸率的耦合效应进行了重点分析。结果表明：入口参数对最佳反应温度影响较大;偏离最佳反应温度越多,NSR对氨逃逸率影响程度越低,NSR>1时,脱硝性能对NSR敏感性降低;增大入口NO质量浓度可改善整体脱硝性能,当入口质量NO浓度为1 050 mg·Nm⁻³时 ,脱硝效率可达82.42%,氨逃逸率低至0.33%;入口速度与反应温度的交互作用最大,降低入口速度可拓宽催化剂高活性温度窗口,显著提升脱硝性能,将入口速度由7 m·s⁻¹降至1 m·s⁻¹,最佳脱硝效率由69.32%升至89.17%,最低氨逃逸率由8.11%趋近于0;燃煤电厂调峰运行负荷上升会导致脱硝效率下降和氨逃逸加剧。该研究结果可为燃煤电厂SCR脱硝性能的整体优化提供参考。     

大型燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统优化

江西某电厂660 MW燃煤机组SCR系统氨逃逸严重,催化剂层老化迅速,空预器运行短时间内会堵塞.为了改善SCR系统氨逃逸问题和机组运行可靠性,通过数值模拟的方法,结合物理模型速度场冷态实验及现场NOx浓度测试结果,建立脱硝系统三维模型,模拟了不同圆盘导流板安装角度及不同喷氨方案下SCR系统流场分布.对模拟结果进行对比和分析,提出适当调大圆盘导流板倾角和合理差异化调整各喷口喷氨参数的优化方案,使第一层催化剂层入口处NH3浓度、NOx浓度和NH3/NOx分布都能很好地满足设计和运行要求,为大型燃煤机组SCR脱硝系统的优化调整和运行提供参考.     

Control strategies of atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China

Atmospheric mercury (Hg) emission from coal is one of the primary sources of anthropogenic discharge and pollution. China is one of the few countries in the world whose coal consumption constitutes about 70% of total primary energy, and over half of coals are burned directly for electricity generation. Atmospheric emissions of Hg and its speciation from coal-fired power plants are of great concern owing to their negative impacts on regional human health and ecosystem risks, as well as long-distance transport. In this paper, recent trends of atmospheric Hg emissions and its species split from coal-fired power plants in China during the period of 2000-2007 are evaluated, by integrating each plant's coal consumption and emission factors, which are classified by different subcategories of boilers, particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) control devices. Our results show that the total Hg emissions from coal-fired power plants have begun to decrease from the peak value of 139.19 t in 2005 to 134.55 t in 2007, though coal consumption growing steadily from 1213.8 to 1532.4 Mt, which can be mainly attributed to the co-benefit Hg reduction by electrostatic precipitators/fabric filters (ESPs/FFs) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), especially the sharp growth in installation of WFGD both in the new and existing power plants since 2005. In the coming 12th five-year-plan, more and more plants will be mandated to install De-NO(x) (nitrogen oxides) systems (mainly selective catalytic reduction [SCR] and selective noncatalytic reduction [SNCR]) for minimizing NO(x) emission, thus the specific Hg emission rate per ton of coal will decline further owing to the much higher co-benefit removal efficiency by the combination of SCR + ESPs/FFs + WFGD systems. Consequently, SCR + ESPs/FFs + WFGD configuration will be the main path to abate Hg discharge from coal-fired power plants in China in the near future. However advanced specific Hg removal technologies are necessary for further reduction of elemental Hg discharge in the long-term.     

SCR反应器内各关键部件对系统压力损失特性影响的研究

选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)脱硝反应器的关键部件对系统压力损失特性的影响非常明显.针对某电厂1×300 MW锅炉机组的SCR脱硝反应器,采用数值模拟和实验研究的方法研究了各关键部件对系统压力损失特性影响.通过研究确定了SCR反应器的最优设计方案,即关键部件1设计为...     

SCR脱硝在燃煤电厂超低排放中的适用性分析

通过流场模拟、化学动力学计算、并结合物理实验,全过程研究SCR反应器内烟气组分的动量/能量/质量传递及脱硝还原反应,计算在不同入口NOx浓度下SCR出口NOx和氨逃逸的排放量及空间分布,确定SCR在NOx超低排放要求下的适用范围。研究结果表明,为实现NOx-3并同时满足NH3-3的要求,2层SCR催化剂可处理的入口烟气NO浓度上限为240 mg·Nm-3,而3层SCR催化剂则可对NO浓度-3的烟气实施超低排放治理,为合理选择SCR超低排放设计方案提供了数据支撑。     

组合涂覆SCR催化剂的扩缩通道蓄热体传热脱硝性能的数值模拟

蜂窝蓄热体表面涂覆中温钒基SCR催化剂(V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂),可实现余热回收和烟气脱硝双重功效,但钒基催化剂在烟气出口侧的低温区脱硝效果不理想。新型纳米多孔结构的铜基SCR催化剂(5%CuO-40%HPW/Popcarbon)能在低温条件下高效工作。通过在现有钒基SCR蜂窝蓄热体低温侧表面涂覆这种铜基催化剂,并借助扩缩通道强化传热传质进一步提高复合蓄热体传热和脱硝性能。在对Fluent软件二次开发基础上,采用多孔介质方法描述催化层烟气SCR脱硝,建立烟气-空气切换条件下复合SCR蜂窝蓄热体内非稳态传热脱硝的数值模型。借助该模型,探究催化剂涂覆方案和结构参数对复合蓄热体传热和脱硝性能的影响。结果表明：扩缩角为15°的组合涂覆型SCR蓄热体具有良好整体性能,其能量回收率(ERR)和脱硝效率(η)分别比涂覆单一钒基催化剂的直通道蜂窝蓄热体提升10.1% (58.2% vs 48.1%)和26.7% (92.4% vs 65.7%)。本研究结果可为工业锅炉的节能和氮氧化物(NO_x)减排提供参考。     

Mercury emission trend influenced by stringent air pollutants regulation for coal-fired power plants in Korea

Regulatory control of mercury emission from anthropogenic sources has become a global concern in the recent past. Coal-fired power plants are one of the largest sources of anthropogenic mercury emission into the atmosphere. This paper summarizes the current reducing trend of mercury emission as co-beneficial effect by more stringent regulation changes to control primary air pollutants with introducing test results from the commercial coal-fired facilities and suggesting a guideline for future regulatory development in Korea. On average, mercury emission concentrations ranged 16.3–2.7 μg Sm^?3, 2.4–1.1 μg Sm^?3, 3.1–0.7 μg Sm^?3 from anthracite coal-fired power plants equipped with electrostatic precipitator (ESP), bituminous coal-fired power plants with ESP + flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and bituminous coal-fired power plants with selective catalytic reactor (SCR) + cold side (CS) ? ESP + wet FGD, respectively. Among the existing air pollution control devices, the best configuration for mercury removal in coal-fired power plants was SCR + CS ? ESP + wet FGD, which were installed due to the stringent regulation changes to control primary air pollutants emission such as SO₂, NOx and dust. It was estimated that uncontrolled and controlled mercury emission from coal-fired power plants as 10.3 ton yr^?1 and 3.2 ton yr^?1 respectively. After the installation of ESP, FGD and SCR system, following the enforcement of the stringent regulation, 7.1 ton yr^?1 of mercury emission has been reduced (nearly 69%) from coal-fired power plants as a co-benefit control. Based on the overall study, a sample guideline including emission limits were suggested which will be applied to develop a countermeasure for controlling mercury emission from coal-fired power plants.     

快速SCR反应对商用V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝特性的影响

通过实验考察了快速SCR反应对商用V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝特性的影响。在250～375 ℃的实验温度区间内,快速SCR反应能适应更宽的温度窗口而保持较高的效率;快速SCR反应在高空间速度（SV=12 400 h-1）的脱硝效率甚至要高于标准SCR反应在低空间速度（SV=7 400 h-1）时的脱硝效率;快速SCR反应在410～820 mg·m-3的NOx质量浓度内脱硝效率波动不大。通过快速SCR反应和标准SCR反应条件下的催化剂活性分析和体积量计算,快速SCR反应相较标准SCR反应可以提高活性1.4倍,减少催化剂用量28.57%,同时通过催化剂寿命计算,快速SCR反应可以延长现有SCR脱硝系统V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂寿命22 582 h,延长催化剂的更换周期941 d。     

SCR脱硝超低排放工程改造流场优化

采用CFD数值模拟方法对某电厂400 MW机组烟气脱硝装置流场进行了诊断,分析了导致效率低、烟道积灰以及空预器磨损等问题的具体原因,之后对此脱硝装置流场进行优化。优化结果表明：在省煤器出口水平扩张段烟道增设导流板,消除了该区域的大范围涡流,有利于减轻烟道积灰,并使喷氨区域烟气速度分布均匀;将喷氨混合装置改成喷氨格栅+圆盘混合器型式,强化了氨氮混合,使首层催化剂入口氨浓度分布均匀性得到显著改善,有利于提高脱硝效率、降低氨逃逸率;在空预器上游烟道增设导流装置,提高了空预器烟气速度分布均匀性,有利于解决空预器磨损问题。通过流场优化后,提高了此脱硝装置脱硝效率,减轻和消除了烟道积灰及空预器磨损。     

Technology innovations and experience curves for nitrogen oxides control technologies

This paper reviews the regulatory history for nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutant emissions from stationary sources, primarily in coal-fired power plants. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the six criteria pollutants regulated by the 1970 Clean Air Act where National Ambient Air Quality Standards were established to protect public health and welfare. We use patent data to show that in the cases of Japan, Germany, and the United States, innovations in NOx control technologies did not occur until stringent government regulations were in place, thus "forcing" innovation. We also demonstrate that reductions in the capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of new generations of high-efficiency NOx control technologies, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), are consistently associated with the increasing adoption of the control technology: the so-called learning-by-doing phenomena. The results show that as cumulative world coal-fired SCR capacity doubles, capital costs decline to approximately 86% and O&M costs to 58% of their original values. The observed changes in SCR technology reflect the impact of technological advance as well as other factors, such as market competition and economies of scale.