合肥市污水处理厂污泥重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了解污泥中重金属污染状况,分析了合肥市5家污水处理厂污泥中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的总量、形态特征与生物毒性,并采用内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对污泥中重金属生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,污泥中各重金属元素总量为Zn(639.00~2 094.50mg/kg)Cu(107.22~415.86mg/kg)Cr(48.06~388.24mg/kg)Pb(4.50~35.40mg/kg)As(11.72~47.51mg/kg)Cd(2.02~16.68mg/kg)。形态分布特征分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Pb较稳定,As的稳定性相对较差,Zn在污泥中稳定性最差,而Cd在不同污泥样品中的形态分布差异较大;水平振荡法和毒性特征沥滤方法对污泥中重金属浸出浓度较低,未超过相应限值。内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对污泥中重金属总量评价结果表明,5家污水处理厂(分别命名为WT、WXY、JKQ、ZZJ、CTP)污泥样品表现为CTPJKQWXYZZJWT,各重金属元素污染顺序为CdCu(Zn)AsCrPb。     

金矿污染河流的水体和沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

金矿开采导致严重的水体和沉积物重金属污染。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP/MS)分析了金矿开采区河道32个采样点的水体和表层沉积物样品,研究了水样的溶解态及颗粒态重金属(As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn)组成;通过分步化学提取法研究了各重金属在沉积物中的地球化学形态组成,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了河流沉积物中重金属污染状况。结果表明:水体中Cu、Zn、As主要以溶解态存在,Pb、Cr、Cd以颗粒态为主。水体中重金属元素形态分布主要受点源污染排放影响。沉积物中,Cd浓度较低;As、Zn主要以氧化物结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态存在;Pb、Cr、Cu以有机物结合态和残渣态为主。结合地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数分析表明,Cd和Cu为主要的风险元素。     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属质量基准研究及其生态风险评估

为有效保护鄱阳湖流域水环境质量和水生态系统健康,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的表层沉积物样品及其孔隙水中的4种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量及赋存形态进行了测定,利用相平衡分配法(EqPA)初步探讨了沉积物重金属质量基准,并以此为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属生态风险进行评估。基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)法确立的重金属水质基准,建立沉积物重金属质量基准低值(SQC-L,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-L分别为57.37、49.40、98.51、2.74mg/kg)和高值(SQC-H,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-H分别为140.86、710.45、189.06、47.20mg/kg),经过对比分析,推荐采用SQC-H和SQC-L为鄱阳湖流域沉积物重金属质量基准。以SQC-L为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的生态风险进行评估,发现鄱阳湖流域受到了一定程度重金属污染,主要集中在南部湖区,具有一定的生态风险。     

大冶保安湖底泥重金属分布及潜在生态风险评价

采用底泥质量标准(SQGs)法和潜在生态风险法,对保安湖11个点位的表层底泥中重金属(Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn)含量及分布进行了分析和评价。结果表明,保安湖底泥中7种重金属的平均值分别为0.09、42.50、2.76、87.28、26.12、76.55、164.19mg/kg,其中Cd在还地桥港区域最高;各重金属元素潜在生态危害顺序为CdAsHgCuPbZnCr,从综合潜在生态风险分析来看,整个湖区的潜在生态风险指数为65.70~1 280.72,平均值为227.63,属于中等潜在生态危害;从Cd分布来看,还地桥港入湖口潜在生态危害最高,其主要来源可能与入湖河流上游的工业园区内存在较为密集的铝型材制造加工企业有关。     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

黄河干流表层沉积物中重金属形态分析与风险评价

对黄河全流域表层沉积物样品中重金属元素 (As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、V、Co) 的赋存形态进行分析,发现Cd的可利用态占比较高,其余重金属以残渣态为主。基于可利用态重金属含量计算重金属风险评价标准、次生相和原生相分布比值,从而对表层沉积物中重金属的生态风险进行评估。结果表明,整个流域中Cd的生态风险最高。此外,Cd和Pb等重金属在M6点位迁移性较高,存在一定的生态风险。对可利用态重金属进行人体健康风险评价,发现M6点位儿童的致癌 (8.76×10⁻⁶) 和非致癌风险总值 (0.32) 最高。成人与儿童非致癌健康风险总值中As的贡献率最大 (61.28%和62.71%) ,致癌健康风险总值中As的贡献率也最大 (75.91%和75.98%) ,但总体均未超过美国环境总署推荐的人体最大可接受范围。本研究可为识别黄河干流表层沉积物中重金属风险及制定相应污染防控策略提供参考。     

资源枯竭区不同地貌类型土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为探究资源枯竭区不同地貌土壤重金属污染的特征及风险,以河北峰峰矿区为研究对象,分析了213个土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明,研究区土壤中4种重金属均高于河北省土壤元素背景值,4种地貌类型中土壤Cd、Pb均值分别为0.39、98.23 mg/kg,分别为背景值的4.15、4.57倍;Cd、Cu形成了局部污染;研究区的内梅罗综合污染指数和综合潜在生态风险指数分别为8.95和153.71,为重污染和中等生态风险;东部倾斜平原区中南部的Cd、北部的Pb为本区域土壤重金属形成污染的重要影响因素。     

渤海南部表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

利用电感耦合等离子体/质谱仪(ICP/MS)测定了渤海南部21个站位表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb共5种重金属浓度,比较分析了重金属来源及分布特征,同时应用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行潜在生态风险评价.结果表明,调查区域沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的平均质量浓度分别为43.67、17.27、...     

黄河三角洲实验区表层沉积物重金属污染特征及防控策略

分析了黄河三角洲实验区内表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布特征,评价了其污染状况和生态风险,并根据评价结果提出了相应的重金属污染防控措施。结果表明：表层沉积物(0~20 cm)中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、As和Hg的平均质量分数分别为24.87,73.75,78.16,0.21,25.66,34.66,13.68,0.02 mg·kg⁻¹;各重金属均呈现南岸高于北岸的空间分布特征,且所有元素质量分数的最高值均出现在景区“鸟岛”处;内梅罗综合污染指数分析表明,鸟岛属于中污染到重污染,其余采样点均为轻污染;地累积指数评价表明沉积物中Cd和Hg污染相对严重;潜在生态风险指数表明研究区总体属于轻微-中等生态危害。黄河三角洲邻近核心区的实验区表层沉积物中重金属综合污染程度较低,但存在局部污染较重的区域,Cd和Hg是主要的潜在生态风险因子。基于以上研究结果,建议针对黄河三角洲实验区采取预防为主的防控策略,同时应加强区内Cd和Hg的监测并适时开展修复工作。     

长荡湖沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为明确长荡湖重金属污染特征及生态风险,于2018年9月至2019年8月采集长荡湖入湖河流、湖泊水体及表层沉积物样品,分析8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg)含量,采用正定矩阵因子(PMF)模型和主成分分析多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型对湖泊重金属污染来源进行解析,评估长荡湖沉积物重金属污染程度及风险等级。结果表明,8种重金属有7种超出江苏省土壤环境本底值,秋季长荡湖沉积物中重金属含量普遍较低。Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni的分配系数较高,现阶段不易从沉积物中释放到水体中,但由于Cd多为可交换态且在沉积物中含量较大,因此仍具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力;Cu、As和Hg的分配系数较低,具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力。Hg、Cd、As和Cu污染来源中农业生产占比最高,Pb和Zn交通污染占比最高,Ni自然来源占比最高,Cr工业活动占比最高。长荡湖春季和夏季受重金属污染程度更高,Cd和Hg的生态风险较高,需重点关注。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.