武汉市秋、冬季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

采用离子色谱法测定武汉市秋、冬季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度,对其化学组成、质量浓度变化特征及源解析等方面进行了研究。结果表明,NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4为武汉市秋、冬季大气PM2.5中主要的水溶性离子,相关性分析表明,燃烧源是秋、冬季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的共同来源。成分分析表明,工业区的水溶性离子主要来源于燃烧源,交通区的水溶性离子主要来源于二次污染源,其中包括垃圾焚烧源,植物园的水溶性离子主要来源于二次污染源。     

南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)浓度及化学组分特征分析

2013年秋季在南昌市6个空气自动站点连续采集了10d的大气PM2.5样品,对采集的样品进行无机元素、有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子等组分的分析。结果表明,监测期间南昌市PM2.5均值都低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。南昌市大气PM2.5主要组成元素为S、Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Na和Mg,说明城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和燃煤尘等源类贡献率高;SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的水溶性离子,NO-3与SO2-4浓度比为0.63,说明相比于固定源,以机动车排放为代表的流动源对南昌市大气PM2.5浓度影响更大;有机碳/元素碳(质量比)为2.9,说明南昌市有显著的二次有机碳生成。     

温州城区大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征与来源解析

使用中流量采样器采集温州城区2015年4个季节的大气PM_(2.5)样品,利用气相色谱(GC)—质谱(MS)联用仪对PM_(2.5)样品中16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染特征及其可能来源。结果显示,PM_(2.5)中总PAHs质量浓度为5.12~81.59ng/m~3,且表现为冬季秋季春季夏季,季节性变化特征明显。比值法和主成分分析显示,温州城区大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的主要污染源是燃煤、机动车尾气以及生物质燃烧。总PAHs日均毒性当量浓度为0.44~11.28ng TEFs/m~3,平均值为3.44ng TEFs/m~3。成人和儿童的终生超额致癌风险(ILCR)年均值分别为7.11×10~(-7)、4.98×10~(-7),表明温州城区PM_(2.5)中PAHs对人体健康影响水平较低,在可接受范围内。     

天津冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究

2015年12月3—21日对天津冬季 PM2.5进行了采样分析,重点分析了 Na~+、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+ 、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-) 、NO_3~-8种水溶性无机离子,结合风速、相对湿度、温度等气象资料,并利用主成分分析对水溶性无机离子来源进行了解析。结果表明,风速小、气温高和相对湿度大的天气条件以及冬季燃煤的人为原因是引起霾天的重要原因。采样期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为104.22μg/m~3。霾天中,轻微霾天、轻度霾天、中度霾天、重度霾天的PM_(2.5)中总离子平均质量浓度分别为27.63、26.89、105.03、143.92μg/m~3,远高于非霾天的15.43μg/m~3。SO_4~(2-)是水溶性无机离子中含量最高的离子,约占总离子的1/3,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-和NH_4~+浓度之和占总离子的90%以上。随着霾程度加重,NH_4NO_3占比增加,(NH_4)_2SO_4占比减少。水溶性无机离子主要来源于海盐粒子、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放和燃煤等。     

西安市燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的组分研究

为了解西安市燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物的组分情况,采用稀释通道采样,用滤膜采集了西安市3台链条炉排放颗粒物中的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),并利用离子色谱仪(IC)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和碳分析仪等分析了其中的主要组分。实验结果表明,燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的主要组分有SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、Cl~-、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、Al、Si。Si、Ca等地壳元素在PM_(10)中所占比例多于PM_(2.5),而NO_3~-、NH_4~+、OC等二次生成物在PM_(2.5)中所占比例多于PM_(10)。对比PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)组分可以发现,同种组分在不同燃煤锅炉排放的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中分布差异很大,这可能与除尘、脱硝等工艺密切相关。研究内容对西安市大气颗粒物源解析工作具有重要的参考价值,为西安市颗粒物源解析项目积累了一定的经验。     

大气PM_(2.5)遥感反演研究进展

PM_(2.5)是中国空气质量的重要评价指标,影响着环境和人体健康。近年来,遥感反演已逐渐成为监测PM_(2.5)的热点。介绍了大气PM_(2.5)反演常用的遥感数据优缺点及适用范围,对遥感反演方法进行归纳和总结,阐述构建PM_(2.5)与气溶胶光学厚度关系模型、消除气象因素和垂直分布等参数影响的方法,并展望PM_(2.5)遥感反演在高时空分辨率数据和模型耦合等方面的发展趋势。     

舟山市PM_(2.5)的输送路径和潜在来源分析

利用轨迹聚类分析、轨迹扇区分析(TSA)和潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)分析3种方法研究了2013年6月至2016年5月舟山市的PM_(2.5)输送路径和潜在来源。聚类分析显示,舟山市PM_(2.5)夏季主要受来自偏南方向的气团影响,冬季主要受来自偏北和西北方向的气团影响,与季风方向一致,以短距离传输为主。TSA结果与轨迹聚类分析类似,综合考虑后向轨迹停留时间和PM_(2.5)平均浓度,研究期间西北和偏北方向的扇区对舟山市PM_(2.5)的贡献率最大,达47.3%。PSCF分析显示,舟山市PM_(2.5)的潜在来源贡献区域主要集中于江苏省、山东省南部、浙江省北部和安徽省东部。     

泰山景区冬季和春季PM_(2.5)的化学组分特征研究

为探究泰山景区PM_(2.5)的化学组分特征,于2015年2月(冬季)和4月(春季)在位于泰山景区中的南天门和位于泰山景区与泰安城区交界处的某学校2个点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,并分析其化学组分。结果表明,泰山景区冬季和春季的PM_(2.5)质量浓度分别为(65.14±42.21)、(54.32±25.96)μg/m~3,冬季高于春季,某学校高于南天门。SO_4~(2-)是泰山景区PM_(2.5)中浓度最高的水溶性离子,冬、春季的水溶性离子污染来源比较稳定。泰山景区存在一次有机碳向二次有机碳转化的反应。冬季,Ti、Na、K、Mg的富集因子(EF)介于1~10之间,为人为来源和自然来源的混合来源;Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的EF10,主要来自于人为来源。春季,Na、K、Mg、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni的EF介于1~10之间,为人为来源和自然来源的混合来源;Ca、V、Cu、Zn、Pb主要来自于人为来源(EF10);Ti主要来自于自然来源。     

杭州市不同高度大气PM_(2.5)的污染特征研究

为研究杭州市大气PM_(2.5)的污染特征,评估本地污染源和外来污染源对PM_(2.5)的影响,于2013年10月10日至11月2日对杭州市主城区两个不同高度的采样点进行采样,并定量分析大气PM_(2.5)中的化学成分。结果表明,采样期间20、84m高度的大气PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度分别为(80.5±28.9)、(80.3±29.3)μg/m3,不同高度的PM_(2.5)浓度及其化学成分无明显差异;PM_(2.5)主要成分质量分数按如下排序:SO_4~(2-)有机碳(OC)NO_3~-NH_4~+元素碳(EC);大气PM_(2.5)中二次粒子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+平均质量浓度总和约为39.0μg/m3,二次转化是杭州市大气PM_(2.5)的主要来源,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+贡献率为48%左右;20、84 m高度的大气PM_(2.5)中OC分别为(15.6±5.1)、(14.8±4.7)μg/m3,EC分别为(4.6±1.8)、(4.6±1.6)μg/m3,OC/EC(质量比)约为3.3。采样期间,杭州市大气PM_(2.5)在近地面垂直方向上分布较为均匀,表明杭州市大气PM_(2.5)受外来污染源的影响较小。而在本地污染源中,杭州市大气PM_(2.5)主要受到生物质燃烧、机动车尾气、燃煤和餐饮油烟等来源的影响,地面扬尘的作用不明显。     

北京地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染特征研究

地铁是人们出行的重要交通方式,车厢内颗粒物污染可影响人体健康。2016年春、秋、冬季对北京地铁1号、2号、4号、10号线进行现场监测,探讨北京地铁车厢内颗粒物污染特征。研究结果表明,北京地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)平均浓度超标率为83.8%~98.7%,地铁1号线PM_(10)平均浓度超标率为59.6%。地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在工作日和周末组间显著性差异,表明客运量对车厢内颗粒物浓度有较大影响。地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在季节性差异,冬季车厢内颗粒物平均浓度最高。不同线路车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在组间差异,地铁通风空调系统、门系统和客运量是造成其差异的主要原因。     

Trends in arsenic levels in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosol fractions in an industrialized area

Arsenic is a toxic element that affects human health and is widely distributed in the environment. In the area of study, the main Spanish and second largest European industrial ceramic cluster, the main source of arsenic aerosol is related to the impurities in some boracic minerals used in the ceramic process. Epidemiological studies on cancer occurrence in Spain points out the study region as one with the greater risk of cancer. Concentrations of particulate matter and arsenic content in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were measured and characterized by ICP-MS in the area of study during the years 2005–2010. Concentrations of PM₁₀ and its arsenic content range from 27 to 46 μg/m³ and from 0.7 to 6 ng/m³ in the industrial area, respectively, and from 25 to 40 μg/m³ and from 0.7 to 2.8 ng/m³ in the urban area, respectively. Concentrations of PM_2.5 and its arsenic content range from 12 to 14 μg/m³ and from 0.5 to 1.4 ng/m³ in the urban background area, respectively. Most of the arsenic content is present in the fine fraction, with ratios of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ in the range of 0.65–0.87. PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and its arsenic content show a sharp decrease in recent years associated with the economic downturn, which severely hit the production of ceramic materials in the area under study. The sharp production decrease due to the economic crisis combined with several technological improvements in recent years such as substitution of boron, which contains As impurities as raw material, have reduced the concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and As in air to an extent that currently meets the existing European regulations.     

Organic and elemental carbon associated to PM10 and PM2.5 at urban sites of northern Greece

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations, associated to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 particle fractions, were concurrently determined during the warm and the cold months of the year (July–September 2011 and February–April 2012, respectively) at two urban sites in the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, an urban-traffic site (UT) and an urban-background site (UB). Concentrations at the UT site (11.3?±?5.0 and 8.44?±?4.08 14 μg m^?3 for OC₁₀ and OC_2.5 vs. 6.56?±?2.14 and 5.29?±?1.54 μg m^?3 for EC₁₀ and EC_2.5) were among the highest values reported for urban sites in European cities. Significantly lower concentrations were found at the UB site for both carbonaceous species, particularly for EC (6.62?±?4.59 and 5.72?±?4.36 μg m^?3 for OC₁₀ and OC_2.5 vs. 0.93?±?0.61 and 0.69?±?0.39 μg m^?3 for EC₁₀ and EC_2.5). Despite that, a negative UT-UB increment was frequently evidenced for OC_2.5 and PM_2.5 in the cold months possibly indicative of emissions from residential wood burning at the urban-background site. At both sites, cconcentrations of OC fractions were significantly higher in the cold months; on the contrary, EC fractions at the UT site were prominent in the warm season suggesting some influence from maritime emissions in the nearby harbor area. Secondary organic carbon, being estimated using the EC tracer method and seasonally minimum OC/EC ratios, was found to be an appreciable component of particle mass particularly in the cold season. The calculated secondary contributions to OC ranged between 35 and 59 % in the PM₁₀ fraction, with relatively higher values in the PM_2.5 fraction (39–61 %). The source origin of carbonaceous species was investigated by means of air parcel back trajectories, satellite fire maps, and concentration roses. A local origin was mainly concluded for OC and EC with limited possibility for long range transport of biomass (agricultural waste) burning aerosol.     

Characterization and sources assignation of PM2.5 organic aerosol in a rural area of Spain

The results from a year-long study of the organic composition of PM2.5 aerosol collected in a rural area influenced by a highway of Spain are reported. The lack of prior information related to the organic composition of PM2.5 aerosol in Spain, concretely in rural areas, led definition of the goals of this study. As a result, this work has been able to characterize the main organic components of atmospheric aerosols, including several compounds of SOA, and has conducted a multivariate analysis in order to assign sources of particulate matter. A total of 89 samples were taken between April 2004 and April 2005 using a high-volume sampler. Features and abundance of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alcohols and acids were separately determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The Σn-alkane and ΣPAHs ranged from 3 to 81 ng m^?3 and 0.1 to 6 ng m^?3 respectively, with higher concentrations during colder months. Ambient concentrations of Σalcohols and Σacids ranged from 21 to 184 ng m^?3 and 39 to 733 ng m^?3, respectively. Also, several components of secondary organic aerosol have been quantified, confirming the biogenic contribution to ambient aerosol. In addition, factor analysis was used to reveal origin of organic compounds associated to particulate matter. Eight factors were extracted accounting more than 83% of the variability in the original data. These factors were assigned to a typical high pollution episode by anthropogenic particles, crustal material, plant waxes, fossil fuel combustion, temperature, microbiological emissions, SOA and dispersion of pollutants by wind action. Finally, a cluster analysis was used to compare the organic composition between the four seasons.     

天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

Atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5 trace elements in the Seoul urban area of South Korea

Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected during all four seasons, from April 2001 to February 2002, in Seoul, South Korea, using an annular denuder system. Elemental compositions of ambient PM2.5 were analyzed using the proton-induced X-ray emission method. The greatest contributors (> or = 2%) to the PM2.5 mass were sulfur (S), silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) in the spring; S in the summer; and S and Cl in the fall. S, Cl, and Si were the major elements in the winter. S was the most abundant species among the elements, ranging from 5.3 to 7.9%, followed by Si and Cl. From analysis of variance, PM2.5 mass, Al, Si, potassium, calcium, and Fe showed significant seasonal differences during the four seasons (p < 0.001). Enrichment factor (EF) analysis was carried out to identify the sources affecting the aerosol in the Seoul area. On the basis of the mean EF values, elemental S, copper, zinc, and lead may be emitted from anthropogenic sources (EF > 50). Elemental Al, Si, titanium, and Fe may be emitted from crustal sources (EF < 3). Additionally, a correlation analysis was carried out for source identification. The results of the correlation analysis were confirmed by the results of the EF analysis.     

Application of positive matrix factorization in characterization of PM(10) and PM(2.5) emission sources at urban roadside

The 24-h average coarse (PM₁₀) and fine (PM_2.5) fraction of airborne particulate matter (PM) samples were collected for winter, summer and monsoon seasons during November 2008-April 2009 at an busy roadside in Chennai city, India. Results showed that the 24-h average ambient PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in winter and monsoon seasons than in summer season. The 24-h average PM₁₀ concentration of weekdays was significantly higher (12-30%) than weekends of winter and monsoon seasons. On weekends, the PM_2.5 concentration was found to slightly higher (4-15%) in monsoon and summer seasons. The chemical composition of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 masses showed a high concentration in winter followed by monsoon and summer seasons.The U.S.EPA-PMF (positive matrix factorization) version 3 was applied to identify the source contribution of ambient PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations at the study area. Results indicated that marine aerosol (40.4% in PM₁₀ and 21.5% in PM_2.5) and secondary PM (22.9% in PM₁₀ and 42.1% in PM_2.5) were found to be the major source contributors at the study site followed by the motor vehicles (16% in PM₁₀ and 6% in PM_2.5), biomass burning (0.7% in PM₁₀ and 14% in PM_2.5), tire and brake wear (4.1% in PM₁₀ and 5.4% in PM_2.5), soil (3.4% in PM₁₀ and 4.3% in PM_2.5) and other sources (12.7% in PM₁₀ and 6.8% in PM_2.5).     

Seasonal variations of monosaccharide anhydrides in PM1 and PM2.5 aerosol in urban areas

The concentrations of monosaccharide anhydrides (levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan) in PM1 and PM2.5 aerosol samples were measured in Brno and ?lapanice in the Czech Republic in winter and summer 2009. 56 aerosol samples were collected together at both sites to investigate the different sources that contribute to aerosol composition in studied localities. Daily PM1 and PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters.The sum of average atmospheric concentration of levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan in PM1 aerosol in ?lapanice and Brno during winter was 513 and 273 ng m^?3, while in summer the sum of average atmospheric concentration of monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) was 42 and 38 ng m^?3, respectively. The sum of average atmospheric concentration of MAs in PM1 aerosol formed 71 and 63% of the sum of MA concentration in PM2.5 aerosol collected in winter in ?lapanice and Brno, whereas in summer the sum of average atmospheric concentration of MAs in PM1 aerosol formed 45 and 43% of the sum of MA concentration in PM2.5 aerosol in ?lapanice and Brno, respectively.In winter, the sum of MAs contributed significantly to PM1 mass ranging between 1.37% and 2.67% of PM1 mass (Brno – ?lapanice), while in summer the contribution of the sum of MAs was smaller (0.28–0.32%). Contribution of the sum of MAs to PM2.5 mass is similar both in winter (1.37–2.71%) and summer (0.44–0.55%).The higher concentrations of monosaccharide anhydrides in aerosols in ?lapanice indicate higher biomass combustion in this location than in Brno during winter season. The comparison of levoglucosan concentration in PM1 and PM2.5 aerosol shows prevailing presence of levoglucosan in PM1 aerosol both in winter (72% on average) and summer (60% on average).The aerosol samples collected in ?lapanice and Brno in winter and summer show comparable contributions of levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan to the total amount of monosaccharide anhydrides in both aerosol size fractions. Levoglucosan was the most abundant monosaccharide anhydride with a relative average contribution to the total amount of MAs in the range of 71–82% for PM1 aerosols and 52–79% for PM2.5 aerosols.     

Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 in urban area of Nanjing,China and the assessment of pulmonary deposition of particle mass

Measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 was carried out at six sites of Nanjing, China in the period of February-May 2001. The pH and conductivity of water-soluble matter of PM10 and PM2.5 were determined, and the samples were analyzed for total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC) and inorganic carbon (IC) of the water-soluble fraction. The distribution of aerosol mass concentration in size was also measured at one site SB by a nine-stage impactor followed to assess the pulmonary deposition of particles in different tracts of the human respiratory system. Compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of the USA, the level of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanjing was much higher. Especially for site SY, the average particle mass concentrations (774.5 micrograms/m3 for PM10 and 481.4 micrograms/m3 for PM2.5) were more than five times the NAAQS standard. At site SB aerosol mass distribution in size had shown the similar characteristics with accumulation (Dp < 1 micron) and coarse (Dp > 1 micron) modes. More than 70% of total suspended particles is of a size that they are deposited in the respiratory tract below trachea, whereas about 22% of the mass is respirable and will reach the alveoli. Water-soluble fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanjing are acidic, and the pH of PM2.5 is lower than that of PM10. OC makes up the majority of TC and accounts for 3-14% of mass concentration of PM10 and/or PM2.5, while IC only accounts for 0.1-0.5% of PM10 and/or PM2.5 mass.     

Spatial variability of PM2.5 in urban areas in the United States

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (now known as the Air Quality System) database for 1999 and 2000 have been used to characterize the spatial variability of concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microg (PM2.5) in 27 urban areas across the United States. Different measures were used to quantify the degree of uniformity of PM2.5 concentrations in the urban areas characterized. It was observed that PM2.5 concentrations varied to differing degrees in the urban areas examined. Analyses of several urban areas in the Southeast indicated high correlations between site pairs and spatial uniformity in concentration fields. Considerable spatial variation was found in other regions, especially in the West. Even within urban areas in which all site pairs were highly correlated, a variable degree of heterogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations was found. Thus, even though concentrations at pairs of sites were highly correlated, their concentrations were not necessarily the same. These findings indicate that the potential for exposure misclassification errors in time-series epidemiologic studies exists.