不同覆盖材料对沉积物P、N释放的抑制效果

以百花湖沉积物为实验对象,选取沸石、粘土、生物炭、褐铁矿和高岭土等5种覆盖材料开展模拟柱静态实验,研究上覆水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮变化规律。在静态模拟柱90 d实验过程中,第45天时上覆水中TN、氨氮浓度最高,分别为8.79和6.10 mg/L。第45天时氨氮浓度最低的是生物炭组,为1.62 mg/L,第45天时TN浓度最低的是粘土组,为1.92 mg/L。第45天后上覆水TN、氨氮浓度下降,实验结束时生物炭组TN和氨氮浓度均最低,其浓度分别为0.74和0.42 mg/L。实验过程中TP浓度不断上升,到实验结束时空白组TP浓度0.42 mg/L,高岭土组TP浓度最低为0.027mg/L。百花湖水质主要超标指标为TP,而高岭土覆盖对沉积物中P释放的抑制优于其他4种材料,且在百花湖地区易获得、无污染,故建议以高岭土为百花湖原位覆盖材料。     

鸣翠湖间隙水与上覆水中氮、磷的分布特征研究

为探究湖泊沉积物与水体中氮、磷的迁移规律,收集鸣翠湖5个代表性采样点的间隙水和上覆水,测定TP、TN、氨氮等浓度,分析氮、磷的分布特征。通过相关性分析对间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷的关系作初步探讨,最后对鸣翠湖水体富营养化状况进行评价。结果表明:鸣翠湖间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷浓度梯度明显,具有间隙水向上覆水释放的趋势,其湖泊富营养化污染的内源作用已经非常明显。间隙水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.15、3.83、2.23mg/L;上覆水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.07、2.17、0.24mg/L。鸣翠湖水体已呈现出富营养化状态。     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

原位洗脱技术对凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放特征的影响

为探讨新兴底泥原位修复技术—原位洗脱技术对城市河流凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放的抑制作用,于现场采集洗脱前后样品并设计室内静态模拟实验,分析了实验期间洗脱组和对照组上覆水中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、PO_4~(3-)-P、TP浓度和释放速率变化特征。结果表明:洗脱组释放第30天时,NH_4~+-N由底泥向上覆水中平均NH_4~+-N平均浓度为0.52 mg·L~(-1),较对照组下降了89.4%;PO_4~(3-)-P和TP平均释放速率较对照组降低了78.1%和83.0%,上覆水中TP平均浓度为0.22 mg·L~(-1),较对照组下降了68.1%。原位洗脱技术对底泥中NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P释放的抑制作用主要通过对有机氮、磷物质的削减和水-沉积物界面还原环境的改善来实现。     

生物沸石滤池处理富营养化水体的挂膜实验

采用上向流生物沸石滤池处理富营养化水体,考察了挂膜阶段(前30 d)滤池对浊度、COD和TP等的去除效果,重点研究了系统中各形态氮素(NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N和TN)的变化情况。结果表明,对于富营养化水体,生物沸石滤池对浊度、COD和TP的去除率分别约为80%、30%和24%;出水NH4+-N始终保持在0.5 mg/L以下,去除率在90%以上;NO2--N出现峰值(4.98 mg/L,第9 d),第13 d后即一直低于进水值;实验后期出水NO3--N与进水NH4+-N变化趋势基本一致,表明硝化生物膜已成熟,原位再生可行;生物沸石床内可能存在同步硝化反硝化现象。出水NO2-N浓度低于进水可作为生物沸石挂膜成功的一个标志。     

曝气对黑臭河道污染物释放的影响

利用黑臭河道模拟装置,对比研究了在静置和人工曝气2种方式下底泥污染释放特征及对上覆水水质的影响。结果表明,与静置释放相比,人工曝气促使实验前期底泥污染物快速释放,使得上覆水体中的各项污染物指标上升;随着水体中DO浓度的增加,硝化细菌、嗜磷菌等好氧细菌的活性增强,水体中的COD、氨氮、TN和TP得到降解或转化,浓度快速下降。实验期内,人工曝气底泥中TN、TP的平均释放速率分别为:-0.11 g/(m2·d)和-0.02 g/(m2·d),并且TP由最初的0.96 mg/L降到最终的0.48 mg/L,去除率达到50.00%。人工曝气在前期对水体中各污染指标有升高的影响,但增加了水体中的DO浓度,可以有效地抑制底泥中氮和磷的释放,对水体有机污染物、TN及TP有一定的削减作用,因此,该技术适合黑臭河道的水体修复。     

滤食性生物孵化器净化微污染景观水的试验研究

搭建滤食性生物孵化器,利用藻类吸收水体中氮、磷,滤食性生物捕食藻类,实现微污染景观水体的原位净化。试验结果表明,当TN、TP初始质量浓度分别为5.0、0.100mg/L时,30L微污染景观水的最佳滤食性生物孵化器载体(50mm×65mm×75mm聚氨酯泡沫塑料块)投放量为15块;滤食性生物孵化器对微污染景观水中的叶绿素a、TN和TP均有较明显的去除效果。对于TN、TP初始质量浓度分别低于5.0、0.100mg/L,更换周期在3d以上的微污染景观水,采用滤食性生物孵化器可将叶绿素a的质量浓度控制在10mg/m3以下,TN、TP可分别控制在2.0、0.010mg/L以下。     

苏南老城区合流制管网的溢流污染特征

为了解苏南某市老城区合流制管网溢流污染特征,在苏南某市D排水系统溢流口采集了2种不同降雨强度的水样,检测水样中COD、SS、TN、TP和NH3-N等污染指标的浓度,并对不同降雨强度的水质变化特征与相关性进行分析。结果表明:较高降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为37~695 mg/L、119~1 441 mg/L、6.2~26mg/L、2.3~6.3 mg/L、0.07~1.48 mg/L;较低降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为22~228 mg/L、180~535 mg/L、7.9~24.7 mg/L、3.2~24.2 mg/L 1.1~1.99 mg/L。由于不同降雨强度下雨污水冲击能量不同,在降雨强度较高的情况下,COD、TN与SS的线性相关系数分别为0.6954与0.6234,具有一定的相关性,而低降雨强度下无明显相关性。较高降雨强度时截留去除SS可以有效消减溢流污水中的COD和TN,对溢流污染的控制具有一定指导意义。     

滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为与曝气运行模式的关系

以滴水湖上覆水及底泥为研究对象,探讨了不同曝气运行模式对滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为的影响,为曝气原位修复滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊提供技术参考。结果表明,曝气能有效降低滴水湖上覆水体NH+4-N浓度,但此类滩涂底泥中较高的盐度能促进内源NH+4-N的释放并抑制硝化作用,使其NH+4-N削减率明显低于城市重污染河道;静置组TP浓度有所升高,而间歇曝气组及连续曝气组TP削减率分别为63.6%和38.5%,说明间歇曝气能有效降低上覆水体中的TP浓度;与曝气修复城市重污染河道相比,滴水湖较高的盐度及pH不利于TN去除,其中间歇曝气组对上覆水TN的控制优于连续曝气组与静置组;间歇曝气运行模式更适合于滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊的底泥修复。     

扬州古运河沉积物污染物释放强度与特征研究

研究了扬州古运河沉积物中氮、磷、铁和锰等污染物释放强度与特征,着重考察了上覆水中DO和污染物负荷对污染物释放强度的影响,分析了氮、磷、铁和锰等污染物释放条件.结果表明:扬州古运河有一定的自净能力,且呈现初期释放NH4+ -N、后期转化为NO3-- N的特征;随着水环境条件改变,沉积物NH4+ -N、PO34-、铁和锰平均释放强度变化范围是123.14～445.68、13.50～32.45、25.20～198.47、19.97～25.02 mg/(m2·d);上覆水DO浓度越低,污染物平均释放强度越大;上覆水污染物浓度越小,污染物(除铁外)平均释放强度越大;在DO＜5 mg/L条件下,沉积物向上覆水释放NH4+ -N;在DO＜1 mg/L条件下,沉积物向上覆水释放PO34-、铁和锰;在DO为2～5 mg/L条件下,上覆水PO34-和铁向沉积物中汇入,但锰则呈现释放和汇入的交替变化.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.