碳毡和碳布2种生物阴极材料微生物燃料电池产电性能

为了降低构建微生物燃料电池(MFCs)的成本,比较了以碳毡和碳布作为阴极材料,在阴极利用功能微生物作为催化剂时电池的产电性能。结果表明,两电池启动时间基本相同,20 d左右达到稳定,但稳定期碳布作阴极的电池电压比碳毡作阴极的电池电压高出了60 mV左右。碳毡和碳布作阴极时,电池在10 d和20 d的最大功率密度分别由10.24和11.14 mW/m2提升到了18.18和30.15 mW/m2,相应内阻则分别由1 000和600Ω降到了250和200Ω。循环伏安法(CV)显示两材料单独做电极时氧化还原情况相似,扫描电镜(SEM)观察到两者不同表面特性导致碳毡对污泥附着强于碳布,进而使氧气传递受到限制,产电降低。     

光合产电微生物群落构建及光照培养对其产电性能的影响

采用淡水沉积物为接种来源,培养出光合产电微生物群落。将其与藻阴极联用组建了完整的光合作用微生物燃料电池时,功率密度达到(157.5±3.1)m W/m2。采用循环伏安法及电化学阻抗谱对该群落的电化学性能进行了测试。PCR-DGGE及紫外可见吸收光谱分析显示,该群落含有Ectothiorhodospiraceae科及Chloroflexi门不产氧光合细菌、产电菌Arcobacter butzleri、发酵细菌及其他细菌。对该群落进行长期黑暗培养或长期光照培养时,其产电性能均得到了提高,但功率密度测试显示,光照培养微生物燃料电池最大功率密度为(180.1±8.7)m W/m2,高于黑暗培养的微生物燃料电池(160.7±11.4)m W/m2。电化学测试也显示,光照培养的阳极产电性能优于黑暗培养的阳极。     

磷酸活化石墨的氧还原特性以及用于微生物燃料电池阴极

研究了磷酸活化对石墨电极上氧还原反应的影响,并考察了磷酸活化石墨材料应用于微生物燃料电池阴极的可行性。首先以循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法考察了经磷酸活化的石墨材料的氧还原能力,发现经质量分数为85%磷酸活化12 h后其氧还原能力最强;然后将活化石墨材料应用于微生物燃料电池的阴极,进行极化曲线和功率密度曲线的测定。结果表明,磷酸活化阴极微生物燃料电池的最大功率密度可达7.92 W/m3,为未活化石墨阴极微生物燃料电池的3.4倍;同时进行了电化学比表面积的测定及FTIR的分析测定,结果表明,磷酸活化石墨颗粒的比表面积(7.716m2/g)较未活化颗粒(10.940 m2/g)略有减小,但其表面官能团的数量和种类发生了很大变化。表面官能团的变化可能是导致石墨材料氧还原能力增强及MFCs产电性能提高的重要原因。     

玉米秸秆生物炭电极用于微生物燃料电池脱硫反硝化性能

研究了玉米秸秆生物炭作为微生物燃料电池电极的性能。阳极以S^2-为单一电子供体,阴极以NO3^-为电子受体,以碳毡为对照电极,考察玉米秸秆生物炭电极用于生物燃料电池同步脱硫反硝化的电化学性能、产电性能以及污染物去除能力,分析了不同硫氮质量浓度比对生物炭电极微生物燃料电池脱氮除硫效率以及输出电能的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆生物炭电极微生物燃料电池实现了更高的交换电流密度(22.42×10^-3 A·cm^-2)和更低的电荷转移电阻(4.24Ω)。与碳毡电极相比,玉米秸秆生物炭电极微生物燃料电池最大输出电压和最大功率密度分别提升了18.91%和16.67%。当硫氮比为5:4时,反应器脱硫反硝化和产电能力最佳。阳极室S^2-出水质量浓度由120 mg·L^-1降至1.08 mg·L^-1,去除率为99.1%,其中76.52%转化为SO₄^2--S,阴极室NO₃^--N去除率...     

铁氰化钾对双室微生物燃料电池曝气阴极性能的改善

为研究铁氰化钾对双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)阴极性能的改善效果,以碳毡和碳棒作为复合电极材料,乙酸钠为阳极电子供体,分别以氧气、铁氰化钾和氧气交替作为阴极电子受体.通过测定使用铁氰化钾作阴极电极液之前和之后的曝气阴极MFC的功率密度及极化曲线,比较曝气阴极MFC的内阻、开路电压(OCV)和最大输出功率的变化情况.实验结果表明,当以铁氰化钾作为MFC阴极电子受体时,MFC的内阻、开路电压和最大输出功率分别为24.2 Ω、744.2 mV和33.7 W/m3.曝气阴极MFC在采用铁氰化钾作电极液对阴极性能进行改善之前和改善之后的内阻由77.2 Ω降低到40.1Ω,OCV和最大输出功率分别由517.9 mV和2.1 W/m3提高到558.2 mV和4.4 W/m3.研究表明,铁氰化钾本身不仅具有优良的接受电子的能力,而且对电极材料(碳毡和碳棒)的电化学性能具有明显的改善作用,使得使用铁氰化钾之后的曝气阴极MFC的产电性能有了明显且持久性的提高.     

稳恒磁场作用下微生物燃料电池的产电特性和电化学阻抗谱分析

对混合菌接种的双室微生物燃料电池加载磁场强度为175 mT的稳恒磁场,利用电化学交流阻抗等电化学分析方法,考察了在磁场作用下微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的变化,分析了磁场对MFC各部分内阻的影响。加载磁场使已启动完成的MFC的产电明显增强,开路电压提高了10%。加载磁场后最大功率密度为2.08 W/m2,大于加载前的1.58 W/m2,表观内阻由170Ω降至80Ω。电化学阻抗谱分析确定了阳极、阴极和全电池的等效电路模型,拟合结果发现阳极极化内阻约为5Ω。加载磁场使MFC的阴极极化内阻由74.98Ω降至56.73Ω。     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

生物质活性炭纤维笼电极微生物燃料电池产电性能

首次构建了以生物质活性炭纤维笼电极为空气阴极的微生物燃料电池(biomass activated carbon fiber cageshaped air-cathode microbial fuel cell,BACFC-ACMFC),并以厌氧污泥接种,以葡萄糖作为碳源,研究了该MFC在连续运行条件下的产电性能、电池内阻情况和最优运行条件。结果表明:在一个运行周期内,该MFC最佳运行条件为:体积浸没比为50%、p H=8、污泥投加量为1.8 g·L-1。当外接电阻为1 000Ω时,该MFC最大输出电压为257.89 m V,最大输出功率密度为4 082.99 m W·m-3,电池内阻为419.88Ω,与目前其他阴极材料的微生物燃料电池相比,该新型生物质活性炭纤维笼空气阴极微生物燃料电池功率密度较高,内阻较低。SEM分析可知,阴极具有较大的比表面积和孔隙率,有利于与氧气的充分接触。在浸入溶液中的半面阴极上发现大量微生物附着,这可能和氧气还原有关。     

微生物燃料电池修复石油污染盐碱土壤

生物电化学技术修复石油污染土壤并同步产出电能是一种新兴的污染土壤生态修复技术。对石油污染土壤通过其微生物燃料电池的构造,利用电化学阻抗谱分析了土壤的欧姆内阻,拟合估算了土壤的电导率,并考察了土壤微生物燃料电池的产电性能和修复效果。结果表明:采用丙酮清洗过的阳极并有水封的情况下,土壤微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻下降了52%,电导率升高了1倍;在启动后的120 h内,最大电压和累计产出电量分别达189 m V和36 C,与对照相比分别增加了20和29倍。输出电压随着阴极与阳极之间距离的增大而减小。经过30 d的生物电化学处理,土壤中的总石油烃去除率是开路对照的3.3倍。该研究是石油污染盐碱土壤生物电化学修复的初步探索,以为污染土壤的生态修复提供新的思路。     

不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以双室微生物燃料电池为研究对象,改变活性污泥MLSS值、营养物质的量、营养物质种类、温度等运行条件,测量24 h内COD值、细菌数目和电压值,进而研究不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池运行初期产电性能的影响。结果表明:在其他同等条件下,只改变MLSS值时,MLSS值越大,产电性能愈佳,只改变葡萄糖浓度时,当葡萄糖浓度为60 mg/m L时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达224.8 m V和505 m W/m3,只改变营养物质种类时,当加入低糖和C源营养物质时,产电性能较佳,只改变运行温度,当温度为37℃时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达231.5 m V和535 m W/m3;改变上述条件时,细菌数目与MFC的产电性能呈显著正相关关系。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.