RuO_2-IrO_2/Ti阳极电催化降解偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水

以自制Ti基Ru O2-Ir O2镀层形稳电极为阳极,采用电催化氧化处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水。以硫酸钠为支持电解质,在自然p H条件下分别考察了电解时间、电极间距、电流密度和电解质浓度等因素对甲基橙去除率的影响,并分析其原因。实验结果表明,在自然p H、电极间距为1.0 cm、电流密度为30.0 m A/cm2、电解质硫酸钠浓度为20.0 g/L、电解1.0h,甲基橙去除率高达90.0%以上。因此,电催化氧化法作为一种高效、简便的染料废水处理技术,具有一定的应用潜力。     

电絮凝法处理石油裂化催化剂废水

针对石油裂化催化剂废水高盐高浊、水质水量变化大的特点,采用电絮凝工艺对其进行处理,并对初始p H、极板间距、电流密度及电解时间等工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,电絮凝法对石油裂化催化剂废水有较好的除浊效果,在最优工艺参数(初始p H=8,极板间距为1.5 cm,电流密度为25 m A/cm2,电解时间为40 min)条件下,电絮凝对废水浊度和SS的去除率分别在97%和95%以上,出水浊度和SS分别低于5 NTU和15 mg/L;电絮凝过程平均电耗为0.723(k W·h)/m3,铝阳极平均损耗为0.1497 kg/m3,主要成本为铝阳极损耗。电絮凝法适于石油裂化催化剂废水的处理,可操作性强,应用前景良好。     

电催化氧化技术处理煤气化废水

采用电催化氧化技术处理煤气化废水一级生化出水,考察了p H值、槽电压、水力停留时间、曝气量对处理效果的影响,将实验条件优化得到其最佳反应条件为:进水p H值为6.0~6.5,槽电压取值为15 V,水力停留时间为2 h,曝气量为5 m3/(m2·h)。在此最优条件下,煤气化废水一级生化出水的COD去除效率达到80%,色度去除效率达到90%。这表明,电催化氧化技术能够降解废水中的有机组分,还能破坏其内部的发色基团,作为煤气化废水一级生化出水的深度处理方法效果显著,成本低廉,出水能达标排放。     

电催化氧化法降解苯酚废水的实验研究

应用自制电化学反应器对废水中苯酚的电催化氧化处理进行了研究,实验了阳极材料、电流密度、电解时间、电极间距离、废水pH值、废水电导率等对苯酚电解去除效果的影响,确定了最佳的处理条件.在电流密度为30 mA/cm2,电解时间为80 min,电极间距离为2 cm,废水pH值在7～8之间,废水电导率为1100 μs/cm的处理条件下,苯酚的电解处理去除率可达97%以上.利用TOC测定仪、紫外光谱和红外光谱等仪器分析的方法对苯酚降解过程中的产物进行了分析.     

三维电催化氧化技术处理草铵膦农药废水

选用石墨板作为三维电催化装置的阳极、不锈钢板作为阴极,以活性炭颗粒作为粒子电极进行反应,研究了三维电催化氧化技术处理草铵膦农药废水的效果;并考察了电流密度、极板间距、电解时间、初始浓度、pH值和粒子电极用量等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在废水初始浓度为300 mg·L~(-1),反应时间为90 min,极板间距为4 cm,pH值为5,电流密度为31.5 m A·cm-2,粒子电极的用量为3.08 g·L~(-1)的条件下,废水的COD去除率为83.48%。三维电催化氧化技术通过减小粒子间距改善电荷传质效果;电流效率的提高也促使废水的处理效果显著提升。     

电催化氧化法降解苯酚废水的实验研究

应用自制电化学反应器对废水中苯酚的电催化氧化处理进行了研究，实验了阳极材料、电流密度、电解时间、电极间距离、废水pH值、废水电导率等对苯酚电解去除效果的影响，确定了最佳的处理条件。在电流密度为30mA／cm^2,电解时间为80min，电极间距离为2cm，废水pH值在7～8之间，废水电导率为1100μs／cm的处理条件下，苯酚的电解处理去除率可达97％以上。利用TOC测定仪、紫外光谱和红外光谱等仪，器分析的方法对苯酚降解过程中的产物进行了分析。     

高性能二氧化铅电极制备及降解邻甲酚

为了处理难生物降解有机污染物,制备了聚乙二醇(PEG)改性Ti/Sb-Sn O_2/PEG-Pb O_2电极,分别用线性伏安扫描(LSV)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、计时电流、电极加速寿命等方法对电极性能进行了表征,并以邻甲酚为目标污染物,考察了PEG改性Pb O2电极的电催化氧化性能。研究结果表明,掺杂PEG后,电极的电催化活性以及稳定性均得到提高,PEG最佳掺杂量为9 g/L。在此条件下制备的Pb O_2电极,其析氧电位为2.48 V,强化电极寿命为114 h,是未修饰电极的3.35倍。利用该电极降解邻甲酚模拟废水,邻甲酚去除率随着其初始浓度增加而下降,当初始邻甲酚浓度为100mg/L、溶液初始p H=10、电流密度为10 m A/cm~2时,1.5 h邻甲酚去除率为100%。邻甲酚的降解反应是·OH参与的间接氧化反应,且遵循一级动力学规律。     

电-Fenton法处理4-氯酚废水

采用电解法对 4 氯酚废水进行了处理。以活性炭纤维 (ACF)为阴极 ,铁为阳极 ,并向阴极不断通入空气 ,电解过程中生成的H2 O2 与阳极溶解的Fe2 + 形成Fenton(芬顿 )试剂 ,Fenton试剂在电解的过程中可以产生大量活性羟基·OH ,能够很好地氧化降解废水中的 4 氯酚。在最佳试验条件下 :室温 ,氯酚浓度为 5 0mg/L ,电解时间为 6 0min ,pH值为4 5 ,电流密度为 15 38A/m2 ,Na2 SO4浓度为 3g/L时 ,4 氯酚去除率为 85 70 %。     

活性炭纤维电极对TAIC的电催化氧化

以活性炭纤维为阳极,不锈钢电极为阴极,研究了活性炭纤维电极电催化氧化去除水中三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(TAIC)的方法.采用单因素实验法研究pH,电流密度,电解质种类和浓度对电催化氧化性能的影响,并找到最佳反应条件.实验结果表明,在TAIC模拟废水中,TAIC初始浓度为150 mg/L,pH为7,电流密度为50 mA/cm2,以0.06 mol/LNa2SO4为电解质溶液时反应效果最佳,60 min时TAIC的去除率为90.7％.     

钯修饰碳纳米管电极电催化氧化三氯生

采用钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生,考察了极板间距、电流密度、离子强度、pH、初始浓度和电解时间对三氯生去除效率的影响,并探讨了其反应动力学。结果表明:钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生的最佳条件为:三氯生初始浓度为50 mg/L,电流密度约为10 mA/cm2,极板间距为1 cm,pH为11,电解质Na2SO4浓度为1 000 mg/L。此条件下,反应时间为3 h时三氯生的去除率可达到99%以上,三氯生的降解为零级反应。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.