利用回收石墨制备的氧化石墨烯及其吸附性能

以浮选法从脱硫渣中回收的石墨为原料,采用HUMMERS法制备氧化石墨烯,并以阳离子艳红为目标污染物对氧化石墨烯的吸附性能进行研究。研究表明从脱硫渣中回收的石墨为鳞片石墨,与天然鳞片石墨在晶体结构、形貌等方面无明显差异。2种石墨经氧化后均形成了含有C—OH、—COOH和C—O—C等官能团的氧化石墨烯。氧化石墨烯对阳离子艳红的吸附速率非常快,在5 min后能达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为714 mg·g-1,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温式。     

石墨烯/碳化钴钼复合材料作为微生物燃料电池阴极催化剂的研究

用改良Hummers法和碳热还原法分别制备了石墨烯和碳化钴钼。用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征了材料的形貌和结构。用循环伏安(CV)表征了其氧还原(ORR)催化性能,结果表明,复合材料的氧还原峰电流和起峰电位均大大优于单一材料。旋转圆盘电极(RDE)实验表明复合材料的氧还原反应为高效的四电子转移过程。含有6 mg·cm~(-2)石墨烯/碳化钴钼复合材料作为阴极催化剂的微生物燃料电池(MFCs)最大功率密度为418 mW·m~(-2),达到商业铂碳的68.3%。因此,廉价的石墨烯/碳化钴钼复合材料作为MFCs阴极氧还原催化剂具有巨大的应用潜力。     

热还原石墨烯对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附性能

为了研究石墨烯对重金属铬的吸附性能,提出了以氧化石墨为前驱体,通过真空低温热还原制备热还原石墨烯(TRG)。利用红外光谱,比表面分析和扫描电子显微镜对制得的石墨烯进行表征。考察了石墨烯在静态吸附条件下对Cr-(Ⅵ)离子的吸附性能。通过单因素和正交实验优选吸附条件,结果表明,在30℃,p H为1,石墨烯用量0.025 g,振荡时间2.5 h时,吸附率可达99%,吸附类型符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型。在30℃时最大单分子层吸附量为50 mg·g~(-1)。     

石墨烯量子点荧光探针的合成及其对TNT痕量检测的应用

采用石墨制备出氧化石墨稀(GO),利用水合肼还原GO,将还原的GO与二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)反应,制备出绿色发射波长的石墨烯量子点(graphene quantum dots,GQDs)荧光探针,分别用拉曼、UV-vis、FT-IR、SEM和Zeta电位仪等对其性质进行表征和研究。由于GQDs荧光探针表面富电子,而目标分析物TNT分子的3个缺电子硝基是吸电子基团,二者空间相互接近时,发生荧光共振能量转移,导致GQDs荧光探针的荧光强度发生改变,实现对痕量目标分子TNT的检测。结果表明,所制备GQDs荧光探针实现对TNT分子的高选择性识别,高敏感性检测,检出限为1.0×10~(-9)mol·L~(-1),猝灭常数为7 965 L·mol~(-1)。基于荧光共振能量转移原理合成GQDs荧光探针实现对痕量TNT爆炸物的选择性识别和敏感性检测。     

N-TiO2/rGO纳米材料可见光下催化降解微囊藻毒素-LR的效果

以尿素、钛酸丁酯、氧化石墨烯为原料,采用水热法制备了N-TiO2/rGO复合纳米光催化剂,通过SEM、BET、XRD、Raman、FT-IR、UV-vis DRS等分析方法对催化剂进行了表征和分析,研究了该复合材料在可见光下对水中Microcystin-LR的降解动力学及相关反应机理.结果表明,相较未负载的N-TiO2...     

石墨烯/二氧化硅负载纳米零价铁对As(Ⅲ)的去除

以氧化石墨烯和正硅酸乙酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制得石墨烯/二氧化硅复合材料(GS),以GS为基体,采用液相还原法,得到石墨烯/二氧化硅负载纳米零价铁(NZVI/GS),将其用于水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附研究。通过XRD、TEM、BET、Zeta电位等表征手段对NZVI/GS进行表征。探讨不同反应条件对NZVI/GS的吸附影响,并进行动力学方程和吸附等温线方程拟合。结果表明,NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)具有良好的去除效果,当初始溶液pH为6~8,投加量为0.4 g·L~(-1),反应温度为35℃,砷初始浓度为2 mg·L~(-1)时,NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99.81%。通过Langmuir等温吸附方程得到NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)最大吸附量55.93 mg·g~(-1)。     

UiO-66/氧化石墨烯的制备及对水中四氯化碳的吸附

采用溶剂热法制备了UiO-66和UiO-66/氧化石墨烯复合材料;以水中四氯化碳为处理对象,研究了吸附时间、污染物浓度及温度等因素对吸附过程的影响,并对吸附过程进行动力学和热力学模拟探讨。结果表明,当四氯化碳浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)、30℃时,吸附反应在6 h达到平衡,四氯化碳的去除率为87.5%。UiO-66/氧化石墨烯材料对四氯化碳的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型。热力学结果显示ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0,由此判断吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。UiO-66/氧化石墨烯材料中比表面积、表面分散力和晶体缺陷的增加使其对四氯化碳具有更好的吸附性能。     

纳米镍/镁铝水滑石/活性炭复合材料的制备及染料污水的降解

在超声辅助的条件下,通过共沉淀法制备了纳米镍/镁铝水滑石/活性炭复合材料(nano-Ni/Mg Al-LDHs/AC),并将其用于染料的催化降解。复合材料的制备分为2个步骤,首先在真空条件下,通过共沉淀法在活性炭载体上制备镁铝水滑石(Mg Al-LDHs);再通过抗坏血酸的还原作用将纳米镍沉积到Mg Al-LDHs/AC表面。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等测试方法表征了所制备样品。Mg Al-LDHs分布在活性炭表面,呈现花状平板结构,粒径大小为(80±30)nm,纳米镍修饰在Mg Al-LDHs/AC表面,平均粒径40 nm。所制备的复合材料对甲基橙、孔雀绿和亚甲基蓝的降解率均达到98%以上。     

石墨烯/TiO_2复合物的制备及其光催化性能

为拓展二氧化钛(TiO_2)在可见光区的光响应范围,在140℃水热条件下制备了不同氧化石墨烯含量的石墨烯/二氧化钛(RGO/TiO_2)复合材料。利用X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对材料进行了表征。以甲基橙为目标污染物,研究了在模拟太阳光和紫外光照下TiO_2和RGO/TiO_2对甲基橙的光催化降解性能。结果表明,TiO_2和GO复合后,TiO_2由原来单一的金红石型转变为金红石型和锐钛矿型并存,出现了混晶效应;在模拟太阳光的条件下,复合材料的催化活性均高于TiO_2本身;光照4 h后80 mg氧化石墨烯添加量制备的复合材料对甲基橙的光催化降解率达到69.58%,是TiO_2的1.65倍;在紫外光照1.5 h时,复合材料对甲基橙的降解率达到了70%。由此可知,石墨烯的存在能够促进TiO_2半导体中电子和空穴的有效分离,显著提高了TiO_2光催化剂对可见光的响应。     

(B-NZVI)/CTMAB的制备及对水中铬(Ⅵ)的去除性能与机理

采用液相还原法制备膨润土负载纳米铁(B-NZVI),并用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对其进行表面改性,研究了不同n(FeSO4)/n(NaBH4)(记为N)制备的(B-NZVI)/CTMAB的除铬效果。结果表明,N=1时制备的(B-NZVI)/CTMAB除Cr(Ⅵ)效率最高,较未改性的膨润土负载纳米铁(B-NZVI)的除Cr(Ⅵ)效率(57.7%)提高了23.7%,反应速率提高1.31倍。X射线衍射发现,N=1时不仅有零价铁,还有Fe(Ⅱ),对加快反应速率和提升去除效果有一定作用。从反应后产物的光电子能谱(XPS)图看出Cr(Ⅵ)被吸附后大部分还原为Cr(Ⅲ),而铁被氧化为Fe(Ⅲ)。最后,结合反应前后材料的表面电性以及扫描电镜图,对(B-NZVI)/CTMAB改性机制、改性后纳米零价铁线的形成及去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机理和产物等进行了探究。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.