加盐蒸馏回收盐酸和混凝剂制备技术资源化利用盐酸酸洗废液

为了实现钢材酸洗废液的资源化,能够同时回收盐酸和铁盐,提出了加盐蒸馏回收盐酸与蒸馏母液制备聚铁混凝剂两段组合工艺相结合的技术。实验对质量浓度为9.28%的实际盐酸废液进行了研究,考察了添加盐的种类、盐的投加量和蒸馏量等因素对再生盐酸回收效果和聚铁混凝剂溶液混凝效果的影响。研究表明,氯盐可以明显改变氯化氢、水的相对挥发度,当CaCl2投加量为1 mol/L,体积蒸馏量在30%时,为此工艺的最佳条件。在此工艺条件下,再生盐酸质量浓度约22.3%;蒸馏母液制备得到的聚铁混凝剂溶液应用实验表明,对印染废水脱色效果良好。此工艺不仅实现了酸洗废液中残酸和铁离子的资源化利用,而且达到酸洗废液的零排放。     

膜萃取技术回收浓缩废水中的邻甲苯胺

采用均质硅橡胶膜构建了卷绕式膜组件,以盐酸溶液为萃取液回收浓缩废水中的邻甲苯胺。通过考察进水浓度、萃取液p H、温度、离子强度、进水流速等因素对去除过程及回收率的影响,探讨了采用膜萃取技术回收浓缩邻甲苯胺的条件与机制。结果表明:膜萃取技术可以将2 g/L的邻甲苯胺废水浓缩至约10 g/L,且随着料液浓度增加,邻甲苯胺回收率先增后降,过高的邻甲苯胺浓度可能会造成膜选择性下降;萃取液p H是影响回收率的重要因素之一,1≤p H≤2时污染物回收率高于95%;无机盐离子可以促进邻甲苯胺的回收,当盐离子含量超过10%时,回收率显著提高;进水流速在2~20m L/min之间变化时,回收率先增后降,膜阻和解吸速率依次成为主要影响因素。该实验研究表明,膜萃取技术可以高效节能地的浓缩回收生产废水中的邻甲苯胺。     

多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩回收废水中的二甲基亚砜

利用具有内部潜热回收功能的气隙式多效膜蒸馏(MEMD)组件对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的化纤废水进行了浓缩回收研究,考察了料液中DMSO浓度、进料流量、进料温度和膜侧进口温度对膜通量、造水比、分离因子和回收率的影响。结果表明,多效膜蒸馏可以将DMSO废水浓缩至200~300 g/L;初始浓度为6.2 g/L时,造水比和分离因子最高值分别为12.4和76.0;虽然膜通量、造水比和分离因子均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当DMSO浓度达到200 g/L时,膜通量、造水比、分离因子仍分别高达3.74 L/(m2·h)、7.1、32.1;在整个浓缩过程中,回收率维持在99.6%以上;当DMSO废水浓缩达到150 g/L以上时,含有少量DMSO的渗透液可作为二次料液继续用MEMD过程浓缩。膜组件在连续运行的1个月内保持了良好的操作性能。该实验研究表明,多效膜蒸馏过程可以高效节能地浓缩回收化纤废水中的DMSO。     

离子型稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理工艺研究

离子型稀土冶炼废水水质成分复杂,NH_3-N浓度极高,直接排放不仅造成严重的环境污染而且形成巨大的资源浪费。通过全面分析稀土冶炼废水水质,对稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理进行了工艺理论分析,并提出了整套工艺流程。实验室小试及中试研究结果显示,该工艺能有效地从稀土冶炼废水中回收农业级NH_4Cl,并使废水达到污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)的要求。     

电催化氧化处理除草剂异草酮废水的效能简

为有效处理含异草酮除草剂废水,以Sb掺杂Ti/SnO₂电极为阳极,不锈钢板为阴极,采用电催化氧化技术对异草酮废水进行降解,研究了不同影响因素对异草酮去除率的影响,并分析了异草酮的降解效果。结果表明,当异草酮初始浓度为100 mg/L、电流密度为20 mA/cm²、电解质投加量为0.10 mol/L,反应120 min后,异草酮去除率达到94%,此时TOC去除率为57.9%,能耗为25 kWh/m³,且废水的可生化性能显著提高。     

热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌回收

分别采用蒸酸法、氨络合法和硫化沉淀法分离回收热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌铁。分别考察了酸洗废水中盐酸的逸出特性和氨浸法回收蒸馏渣中锌的效果;利用酸洗废水的酸度浸取锌灰中的锌并用氨络合法分离酸浸出液中锌铁;利用硫化物不同溶度积选择性沉淀酸浸出液中的锌,考察了Na2S加入量、曝气时间、反应溶液pH和反应时间的影响。研究结果表明硫酸的加入能提高盐酸的蒸发率但效果不明显,氨络合法难于有效分离锌铁,但硫化物沉淀法可较好地分离锌铁,铁回收率可达97．12％,锌沉淀率达到99．99％,所得沉淀物中ZnS纯度为68．51％。     

催化氧化/两级生物滤池在有机胺废水深度处理工程中的应用

采用催化氧化/两级生物滤池组合工艺,以生化处理后的有机胺废水为研究对象,重点考察该组合工艺对有机胺废水COD和氨氮的去除效果.结果表明,采用催化氧化预处理工艺,能有效降低废水中的抑制性物质,提高废水的BOD5/COD;末端采用两级串联生物滤池处理该废水,能有效降低废水中的COD和氨氮.当进水COD在700～900 mg/L、氨氮在250～370 mg/L时,出水水质能够达到当地环境保护的要求(COD≤300mg/L、氨氮≤35 mg/L);同时说明该工艺能够应用于高浓度有机胺废水的深度处理,为有机胺废水的达标处理提供了一条有效的途径.     

低温酸析法从G盐母液中回收R盐的资源化利用

用低温酸析法处理G盐生产过程中产生的废母液,研究温度和pH条件对处理效果的影响。首先分别以R盐和G盐配制的模拟废水为研究对象,发现R盐酸析效果明显,其酸析效果随温度的降低而升高,随pH的升高而降低;而G盐没有出现酸析现象。然后,以实际G盐废母液为研究对象,在-12℃条件下冷冻12 h,其COD去除率为55%,其酸析出的固体主要成分为R盐;计算可得每升实际G盐废母液可以回收纯度为51%的R盐111.3 g。以每天处理10 m~3废水工程为例,该低温酸析工艺所需的电功率为8.41 k W,废水处理工程的静态投资回收期为0.48年。结果表明,通过低温酸析法对实际G盐废母液中R盐进行资源化回收是有效、可行的。     

vis/H2O2/草酸铁处理活性艳红染料的实验研究

采用vis/H2O2/草酸铁法,对活性艳红染料废水进行处理.研究了H2O2、K2C2O4和Fe2(SO4)3·7H2O的投加量、pH值和光照时间等因素对染料废水处理效果的影响和最佳处理条件.结果表明,pH值2.5;30%H2O2的投加量0.1 mL;0.1 mol/L Fe2(SO4)3·7H2O的投加量1.0 mL;0.1 mol/L K2C2O4的投加量1.5 mL;光照时间40 min的最佳条件下,70 mg/L的活性艳红模拟染料废水脱色率可达99.82%.通过对vis/H2O2/草酸铁法和Fenton法、H2O2法、草酸铁法等方法进行对比实验,vis/H2O2/草酸铁法明显优于其他方法,是一项有研究价值和开发应用前景的污染治理新技术.     

磁化焙烧-磁选法回收循环流化床固硫灰中铁

西南地区原煤中硫铁矿含量相对较高,其燃煤灰渣一般呈暗红色,有一定量赤铁矿存在,有必要回收这部分铁资源。采用磁化焙烧—磁选工艺对循环流化床燃煤固硫灰中的铁资源进行了回收。研究结果表明,焙烧温度800℃,焙烧时间90 min,还原剂用量5%,粗选磁场强度为200 kA/m,精选磁场强度为80 kA/m条件,能够获得品位58.02%的铁精矿,回收率为76.27%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.