高硬度富锶地下水的软化沉淀-超滤膜联用工艺

针对一种高硬度富锶地下水,分别采用石灰和石灰-碳酸钠两种方法,利用药剂软化/超滤膜工艺对其进行软化处理,同时考察了药剂投量对出水锶含量的影响。结果表明,采用石灰软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2最佳投加量为270 mg/L时,出水总硬度(以CaCO3计)由287.12 mg/L降低到96.44 mg/L,硬度去除率为66.41%,出水锶含量也由原水中的0.37 mg/L下降为0.21 mg/L;而采用石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法,Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3最佳投加量分别为270 mg/L、160mg/L时,出水总硬度降低到60.34 mg/L,硬度去除率达78.98%,锶含量仅为0.02 mg/L。2种处理方法出水总硬度均达到预期目标,石灰软化/超滤膜法可使出水锶含量满足富锶水的要求,而石灰-碳酸钠软化/超滤膜法则造成了对人体有益微量元素锶的大量损失。     

钠离子置换作用对地下水硬度升高的影响

地下水中的硬度大小,表示地下水中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量的多少。硬度增高也就表示Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量的增高。在我国许多城市地下水中的硬度已经超过饮用水的标准,如天津、北京、沈阳,西安等地。并且随着人为的污染活动不断增加,地下水的硬度也不断升高。北京地区地下水在1984年硬度的超标面积比四十年代增加18倍,使得地下水受污染的问题越来越严重。 高硬度的地下水对工业生产有很大的影响;它能影响产品的质量;提高原材料和能源的消耗;增加生产成本等。硬度对人体健康也有一定的影响,如:长期饮用高硬度水会     

络合沉淀结合混凝法去除浮选废水中有机磷

广西某铅锌矿选矿厂用含磷有机浮选药剂苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)和丁铵黑药(学名:二丁基二硫代磷酸铵)作捕收剂,导致尾矿库溢流口外排废水总磷超标(总磷浓度为1.4~1.7 mg/L,pH=8.0)。实验研究表明,含巯基磷酸盐浮选废水中总磷主要为有机磷(占94%),钙盐、铁盐和铝盐混凝沉淀法对有机磷去除效果很差,3种金属离子不能与巯基磷酸盐反应生成沉淀物;但铜离子能与巯基磷酸盐生成溶度积很小的络合沉淀物,再通过混凝沉淀对有机磷可达到很好的去除效果。先加入硫酸铜20 mg/L进行络合沉淀反应,后再加入40 mg/L硫酸铝和1 mg/L PAM混凝沉淀,总磷去除率可达80%。处理后废水总磷浓度和重金属浓度均达到《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准(GB25466-2010)》排放要求。研究结果为该选矿厂浮选废水净化处理和回用工程的设计提供了科学依据。     

不同回流位置对潜流人工湿地氮分布及去除效果的影响

通过脱氮实验比较了不同回流位置（进水口、前部、中部、后部）对潜流人工湿地的氮浓度空间分布状况和氮去除效果的影响。结果表明：4种回流与未回流处理相互之间的氨氮（NH4＋-N）空间分布无明显差异,而回流位置越靠近进水口,湿地中总氮（TN）分布浓度越低。将湿地出水按1/3的回流比回流到湿地进水口,对NH4＋-N去除率的影响差...     

电絮凝对电厂循环冷却水中硬度的去除

以某电厂冷却塔循环冷却水为处理对象,利用电絮凝法,以铝板为牺牲阳极去除水中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,分别考察了电絮凝过程中不同电流密度、电解时间、溶液初始pH、阳极极板数量对总硬度去除率的影响。结果表明：增加电流密度、延长电解时间有利于Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的去除;当电流密度为10 mA·cm⁻²,电解时间为90 min时,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺去除率分别达到93.5%和95.8%,总硬度去除率为94.6%;相对于酸性和中性条件,碱性条件更有利于Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的去除,当初始pH为10时,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺去除率分别达到85.4%和97.7%,总硬度去除率为93.5%;随极板数量的增加,Ca²⁺和总硬度去除率均有所提高;投加Na₂CO₃有利于Ca²⁺和总硬度的去除。上述结果可为进一步提高电絮凝过程中总硬度的去除率提供参考。     

地下水中锰对滤料表面氧化膜去除氨氮的影响

在中试实验条件下,考察锰对石英砂滤料表面复合氧化膜去除氨氮的影响.实验结果表明:进水不含Fe2+、Mn2+的条件下,接触氧化对NH4+-N的最大去除能力约为2.0 mg/L;氨氮浓度低于2.0 mg/L时,锰离子对氨氮的去除没有明显影响;增大进水氨氮浓度为2.7 mg/L时,进水锰离子浓度为1.8 mg/L时最有利于活性滤膜对氨氮的去除,氨氮的去除率较进水不含锰离子时提高了14.3%,出水氨氮浓度低于饮用水标准限值0.5 mg/L.     

硝酸根对零价铁去除地下水中六价铬的影响

通过批实验和连续通流的柱模拟实验对比研究了存在NO3-和不存在NO3-条件下零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的反应特征,并对比分析了NO3-对零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。批实验结果表明,在不同初始pH条件下,NO3-的加入均使得零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的速率升高;当初始pH=7时,NO3-的促进作用最强,反应速率是无NO3-条件下的2.1倍。柱实验结果表明,NO3-的加入使得Fe0去除Cr（Ⅵ）的反应分成了3个不同的阶段：高效期（1025 PV）。在高效期,反应中的NO3-表现为对Fe0反应位点的竞争,抑制了Cr（Ⅵ）还原。在后期的2个阶段中,反应中NO3-则呈现明显的促进作用。NO3-的存在使得零价铁（Fe0）柱趋于整体性同步钝化,延长了Fe0柱的运行寿命,并且增加了零价铁（Fe0）柱对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率。NO3-对Fe0去除Cr（Ⅵ）反应的促进作用原因是由于NO3-与Fe0反应产生Fe3O4,Fe3O4可以还原Cr（Ⅵ）,并且具有阻滞反应的产物在Fe0表面堆积和促进电子传导作用。     

地下水中二价锰对成熟石英砂滤层去除氨氮的影响

在中试条件下,考察了地下水中二价锰离子（Mn2+）对成熟石英砂表面滤膜去除氨氮（NH4+-N）的影响。结果表明,当进水Mn2+浓度不大于3.5 mg·L-1时,NH4+-N去除率随进水Mn2+浓度增大而增大。相应地,Mn2+的存在使得进水NH4+-N的浓度上限由2.51 mg·L-1提高到2.83 mg·L-1,且NH4+-N和Mn2+可实现同步去除。此外,进水Mn2+的存在（（2.1±0.1）mg·L-1）使得去除NH4+-N所需要的温度下降,这说明Mn2+对石英砂表面复合氧化膜催化NH4+-N氧化具有一定的促进作用,从而提高了NH4+-N在滤柱中的去除速率。     

地下水化学类型对硫系还原剂去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

为研究铬污染地下水化学类型对硫系还原剂除铬的影响,采用批实验的方式,分别比较了3种还原剂焦亚硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_5)、连二亚硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_4)、多硫化钙(Ca Sx)对SO_4-Na型、SO_4-Ca型、Cl-Na型和HCO_3-Ca型4种地下水中去除Cr(VI)的效果。结果表明,在20℃有氧条件下,4种地下水环境中还原剂的除铬能力受到了不同程度的抑制,其中HCO_3-Ca型地下水中的抑制作用最大。但当Na_2S_2O_5、Na_2S_2O_4、Ca Sx投加量分别为理论投加量的30.8、21.7和2.4倍时,4种地下水中Cr(VI)的去除率均大于90%。Na_2S_2O_5投加量与水中HCO-3含量的摩尔比大于0.5时,Cr(VI)才可能被还原去除;Na_2S_2O_4对Cr(VI)的去除率由高到低排序是:SO_4-Na型Cl-Na型SO4-Ca型HCO_3-Ca型;Ca Sx的除铬效果在不同地下水化学类型中的差异最小。地下水的HCO-3含量越高,缓冲能力越强,抑制作用越明显,所需还原剂投加量越多。     

High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent iron

The objectives of this study were to conduct batch and column studies to (i) assess the effectiveness of zero-valent iron for arsenic remediation in groundwater, (ii) determine removal mechanisms of arsenic, and (iii) evaluate implications of these processes with regard to the stability of arsenic and long-term remedial performance of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology. A high concentration arsenic solution (50 mg l(-1)) was prepared by using sodium arsenite (arsenic (III)) to simulate groundwater at a heavily contaminated Superfund site in the USA. Batch studies indicate that the removal of arsenic is a two-step reaction with fast initial disappearance of arsenite followed by a slow subsequent removal process. Flow-through columns were conducted at a flow rate of 17 ml h(-1) under reducing conditions for 6.6 mo. Kinetic analysis suggested that arsenic removal behaves as a zero-order reaction at high arsenic concentrations. Arsenic removal rate constants decreased with time and arsenic breakthrough was observed in the column study. Arsenic removal capacity of zero-valent iron was determined to be approximately 7.5 mg As/g Fe. Carbonate green rust was identified from the analysis of surface precipitates; arsenite uptake by green rust may be a major mechanism responsible for arsenic remediation by zero-valent iron. Analysis of HCl-extractable arsenic from iron samples indicated that approximately 28% of arsenic was in the form of arsenate suggesting that a surface oxidation process was involved in the arsenic removal with zero-valent iron.     

石灰沉淀法除砷的影响因素

以Ca(OH)2溶液为沉淀剂,处理模拟含砷废水砷酸钠溶液,考察了pH值、Ca/As摩尔比、自由沉降时间和反应温度等因素对石灰沉淀法除砷效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值为12,Ca/As摩尔比为6,沉降时间为48 h,反应温度为25℃时,石灰沉淀法除砷的效率可达到99.05%;此外,对高浓度的含砷废水,在石灰沉淀法除砷工艺中添加简单无机盐絮凝工艺,可显著降低出水总砷浓度,达到污水综合排放标准的要求。     

纳滤膜技术在地下水除砷应用中的研究进展

砷污染突发事件的频发严重威胁着地下水饮用水水源的水质安全,加之饮用水控制标准的提高,就对饮用水除砷技术提出了更高的要求,而纳滤(NF)膜分离技术为饮用水除砷提供了新的思路。首先概述了地下水中砷的存在形态、化学性质以及我国高砷地下水地区分布,然后分析了NF膜特点、除砷机理与性能,系统地阐述了各种因素包括膜操作因素（操作压力、膜回收率、膜排布方式等）和原水水质因素（pH、水温、共存离子、共存有机物及砷浓度与砷价态等）,对NF膜除砷性能的影响。此外,对NF除砷的关键问题,如原水预处理、膜浓水处理、膜污染及其清洗等,也作了探讨。最后,总结了目前NF除砷应用中所面临的问题,探索性提出了NF膜技术在除砷应用中的研究方向。     

过硫酸盐氧化去除地下水中乙醇的研究

过硫酸盐原位化学氧化在治理地下水有机污染方面得到了广泛应用,但有关过硫酸盐氧化含乙醇土壤和地下水的研究报告较少。为了评价过硫酸盐氧化乙醇进行地下水修复的可行性,在不加入活化剂的情况下,开展了过硫酸盐氧化去除地下水中乙醇的批实验,主要考察了过硫酸盐投加方式和水温对去除效果的影响。结果表明:过硫酸盐能有效氧化去除地下水中的乙醇,增大过硫酸盐初始浓度可以促进乙醇的去除;过硫酸盐氧化乙醇的过程遵循准一级反应动力学方程,其速率常数为0.344 7d~(-1);分批投加过硫酸盐时应及时续投,避免SO_4~-·不足致使乙醇的去除速率降低;水温能影响过硫酸盐的分解速率,是影响乙醇去除效果的一个重要环境因素;过硫酸盐氧化乙醇会导致水体pH下降和氧化还原电位(ORP)升高。     

An equilibrium model for chloride removal from recycled cooling water using the ultra-high lime with aluminum process.

Removal of chloride from recycled cooling water is needed to reduce corrosion and prolong equipment life. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the ultra-high lime with aluminum (UHLA) process has the ability to achieve high chloride removal efficiency from recycled cooling water. In an effort to further understand the behavior of chloride in the UHLA process, a fundamental model of the chemical processes was developed. The purpose of this paper is to describe this equilibrium model and present values for solubility products of precipitated solids that have not been investigated previously. The model was based on PHREEQC and a new program called INVRS K was integrated with PHREEQC to calculate values of unknown or poorly defined equilibrium or kinetic constants using a Gauss-Newton nonlinear regression routine. Model predictions indicated that the results could be best described by assuming the formation of a solid solution of calcium chloroaluminate (Ca4Al2Cl2OH12), tricalcium hydroxyaluminate (Ca3Al2OH12), and tetracalcium hydroxyaluminate (Ca4Al2OH14).     

载铁活化天然沸石处理高氟地下水

采用氯化铁改性天然沸石进行地下水除氟效果的研究,考察了地下水中4种阴离子Cl-、HCO3-、SO24-和PO34-对该改性沸石除氟效果的影响,并分析了其除氟机理和表面成分。研究结果表明,对于初始氟浓度不同的水样,随着阴离子浓度的增加,吸附剂对氟的去除率逐渐下降。Cl-对吸附剂除氟效果影响较小,氟去除率降低较慢;随着HCO3-浓度的增大(由100 mg/L到1 000 mg/L),水样pH由8.42缓慢升高到9.52,而氟去除率则由70.36%缓慢下降到56.73%(2mg/L);SO24-及PO34-对改性沸石除氟效果影响较大,氟去除率降低较快,且PO34-的影响大于SO24-。可以得到载铁活化天然沸石对4种阴离子的吸附顺序为:PO34->SO24->HCO3->Cl-。     

Hydraulic constraints on the performance of a groundwater denitrification wall for nitrate removal from shallow groundwater

Denitrification walls are a practical approach for decreasing non-point source pollution of surface waters. They are constructed by digging a trench perpendicular to groundwater flow and mixing the aquifer material with organic matter, such as sawdust, which acts as a carbon source to stimulate denitrification. For efficient functioning, walls need to be permeable to groundwater flow. We examined the functioning of a denitrification wall constructed in an aquifer consisting of coarse sands. Wells were monitored for changes in nitrate concentration as groundwater passed through the wall and soil samples were taken to measure microbial parameters inside the wall. Nitrate concentrations upstream of the wall ranged from 21 to 39 g N m(-3), in the wall from 0 to 2 g N m(-3) and downstream from 19 to 44 g N m(-3). An initial groundwater flow investigation using a salt tracer dilution technique showed that the flow through the wall was less than 4% of the flow occurring in the aquifer. Natural gradient tracer tests using bromide and Rhodamine-WT confirmed groundwater bypass under the wall. Hydraulic conductivity of 0.48 m day(-1) was measured inside the wall, whereas the surrounding aquifer had a hydraulic conductivity of 65.4 m day(-1). This indicated that during construction of the wall, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer had been greatly reduced, so that most of the groundwater flowed under rather than through the wall. Denitrification rates measured in the center of the wall ranged from 0.020 to 0.13 g N m(-3) day(-1), which did not account for the rates of nitrate removal (0.16-0.29 g N m(-3) day(-1)) calculated from monitoring of groundwater nitrate concentrations. This suggested that the rate of denitrification was greater at the upstream face of the wall than in its center where it was limited by low nitrate concentrations. While denitrification walls can be an inexpensive tool for removing nitrate from groundwater, they may not be suitable in aquifers with coarse textured subsoils where simple inexpensive construction techniques result in major decreases in hydraulic conductivity.     

吹脱-电化学催化氧化组合工艺去除地下水中氨氮

以上海某钢铁工业区固废堆场氨氮污染的地下水为研究对象,研究了单独电化学氧化法、光/电协同氧化法、吹脱-电化学催化氧化组合法对氨氮的去除效果,提出能高效除氨氮且适合工程实际应用的吹脱-电催化氧化组合工艺。结果表明,相较单独电化学氧化,光/电协同氧化体系中的强氧化活性物质(HO·、HOCl、ClO⁻等)通过自由基链式反应和光解反应生成氧化性更弱的ClO·,反而削弱氨氮去除效果。而吹脱-电催化氧化组合工艺下氨氮、总氮的去除率分别为97.62%、90.23%,出水满足《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14818-2017)IV类标准。电子顺磁共振(EPR)和活性氯生成实验证实HO·和活性氯(HOCl、ClO⁻、Cl₂)在氨氮转化过程中的重要作用。本实验为进一步研究和设计基于电化学法处理废水中的氨氮技术和组合工艺提供了理论依据。