硝酸氧化和负载铁氧化物改性活性炭催化臭氧化性能

采用硝酸氧化与硝酸铁负载对颗粒活性炭进行改性处理,研究了活性炭样品表面官能团的变化,分析了活性炭样品对酸性大红3R吸附和催化臭氧化能力,探讨了p H值与·OH捕获剂对催化臭氧化效果的影响。结果表明,硝酸改性后活性炭表面羧基、内酯基、酚羟基以及总官能团的含量均明显增加,其中羧基增幅最大;负载铁氧化物后,活性炭表面官能团数量有所降低。活性炭样品化学吸附性能随官能团含量的增加而增强。催化臭氧化对酸性大红3R的氧化降解效果明显优于单独臭氧化。增加表面官能团含量可以加速催化臭氧化反应,但反应速率随着表面官能团消耗而降低;负载金属组分具有更为稳定和有效的催化臭氧化活性。活性炭催化臭氧化性能在碱性条件下明显优于酸性条件,且随着p H值升高而提高。投加·OH捕获剂(Na2CO3)后,其对·OH的消耗使得催化臭氧化效果显著下降。     

活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团对吸附甲醛的影响

利用Bothem滴定法测定了化学浸渍处理的活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团浓度,研究表面酸性含氧官能团对甲醛吸附的效应。结果表明,HNO3浸渍处理能有效增大活性炭表面的羧基、酚羟基和内酯基浓度;H2O2浸渍处理主要增大了活性炭表面的酚羟基浓度;随着NaOH浓度的增大,活性炭表面的酚羟基、内酯基和羰基浓度大致呈先增大后减小的趋势,这是由于NaOH的化学清洗作用和酸碱中和反应所致;HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭表面的酸性含氧官能团浓度显著超过NaOH、H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭,而30%(质量分数)NaOH浸渍处理的活性炭和30%(体积分数)H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛的饱和时间比HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛最大饱和时间分别多4.0、1.5 h,说明酚羟基能够显著影响活性炭吸附甲醛的效果。     

氧化、还原改性对活性炭吸附草甘膦的影响

研究了氧化、还原改性对活性炭吸附草甘膦的影响.以傅立叶红外光谱定性表面官能团变化,以扫描电镜观察表面形貌,以化学吸附分析仪测定后再通过测定样品的氮气吸附/脱附等温线计算比表面积和孔径.结果表明:(1)氧化改性使活性炭比表面积增大;还原改性使活性炭比表面积减小.还原阶段使先前氧化阶段中产生的孔道以及原有孔道均发生塌陷,导致还原改性活性炭比表面积减小.(2)在静态吸附的条件下,氧化改性和还原改性活性炭对草甘膦的吸附均为吸热反应.还原改性在活性炭表面产生的还原性官能团有利于活性炭对草甘膦的吸附,而氧化改性产生的氧化性官能团并不利于活性炭对草甘膦的吸附.(3)热力学参数的计算进一步表明,改性活性炭对草甘膦的吸附为吸热反应.     

几种不同处理方法对活性炭表面化学性质的影响

活性炭表面官能团的种类和数量决定了活性炭的表面化学性质,而化学性质决定了活性炭的表面吸附特性。使用5种常见的处理方法处理活性炭,采用Boehm滴定法,XPS对活性炭进行表征,通过单因素实验系统地考察了活性炭表面含氧官能团及碱度随处理条件的变化,同时通过碱度变化讨论了部分处理方法对于原活性炭表面灰分的去除。结果表明:在处理液150 mL、20℃、200 r/min条件下:50 g活性炭经0.01～5 mol/L HCl处理4 h,活性炭表面碱度降低范围63.2%～76.5%,灰分去除效果好,低浓度的盐酸就能达到较好的灰分去除效果,活性炭表面没有形成大量的含氧官能团;在HNO3浓度1～12 mol/L、处理时间1～8 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后总碱度降低显著,灰分去除效果优于HCl处理,HNO3氧化作用使活性炭表面形成了大量含氧官能团,总酸度、羧基、内酯基、酚羟基含量均相对于原活性炭增加明显;在H2O2质量浓度5%～20%、处理时间0.5～4 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后碱性灰分去除不好,活性炭表面没有形成大量含氧官能团,H2O2处理引起活性炭表面化学性质变化较小;在NaOH浓度0.1～2 mol/L、处理时间1～8 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后碱度增加明显,酸度减小明显,羧基、酚羟基含量降低。50 g活性炭在微波功率100～500 W、处理时间2～10 min、载气流量600～1 400 mL/min条件下经微波处理后,微波热效应导致含氧官能团分解,总碱度增加,总酸度下降,羧基含量、内酯基含量降低,酚羟基含量因条件的不同而变现出不同的变化。     

硝酸铁改性活性炭的制备及其对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

通过硝酸铁溶液浸渍—加热的方法对颗粒活性炭进行改性,采用BET比表面积测定、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察、Boehm官能团滴定等分析方法对改性前后的活性炭理化特性进行表征,考察吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、pH、吸附质初始浓度、温度等对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响。结果显示,活性炭表面化学性质的改变对吸附性能的提高起主导作用;吸附过程与Langmuir吸附等温线方程及Lagergren准二级动力方程拟合较好,相关系数R2都在0.990 0以上。     

盐酸改性松针生物炭对磺胺甲(噁)唑的吸附性能

以松针为原料,使用盐酸活化制备获得松针生物炭(PBC),将其用于吸附去除水体中的磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)。分别考察了投加量、pH、吸附时间、阴离子浓度等因素对PBC吸附性能的影响,采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型对吸附过程进行了拟合分析。FT-IR、SEM和BET表征结果证明,经盐酸活化后的松针生物炭表面疏松多孔,含有羧基和羟基等含氧官能团。吸附实验结果表明:当PBC投加量为0.4 g·L~(-1)时,吸附60 min后SMX去除率可达97.1%;当pH为4.0～8.0时,随着pH升高,PBC对SMX的去除率下降;CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-对吸附反应起抑制作用,CO_3~(2-)抑制作用更强,SO_4~(2-)对吸附过程影响较小;PBC对SMX的吸附可用准二级动力学方程来描述,与Freundlich等温方程式拟合度更好(R~20.98);热力学数据表明PBC对SMX的吸附过程是自发的吸热反应;5次实验后PBC对SMX的去除率仍在40%以上。考虑到PBC吸附效果好,可重复利用,说明PBC具有良好的应用前景,研究可为水污染治理的应用提供参考。     

氨改性中孔活性炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

为讨论表面改性对活性炭吸附特性的影响,用氨改性活性炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能进行了研究。通过高温氨气吹扫对活性炭进行表面改性处理,观察了改性后活性炭物化性质的变化,研究了氨改性活性炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附等温关系与动力学,并对吸附前后氨改性活性炭的形貌进行了分析。结果表明,氨改性后活性炭比表面积和总孔孔容均略有增大,活性炭中N元素含量明显增高,含氧官能团数量减少,零电荷点增大。氨改性后活性炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果明显提高,吸附过程数据可用等温吸附方程描述,改性后活性炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合拟二级动力学。Pb(Ⅱ)在氨改性活性炭表面上的附着明显可见。通过红外光谱分析,活性炭表面含氮官能团与Pb(Ⅱ)发生缔合作用。     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2+的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2+质量浓度等对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2+的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2+的活性中心。     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu2＋的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2＋质量浓度等对Cu2＋吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法（FT-IR）分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2＋的活性中心。     

低温等离子体改性活性炭纤维对不同极性苯系物的吸附

探究了不同改性时间下的活性炭纤维孔结构和表面化学性质的变化,并进一步研究了改性后的活性炭纤维对不同极性苯系物的吸附。通过BET比表面积、Boehm滴定分析、FTIR红外光谱对改性前后的活性炭纤维进行表征。结果表明,功率150 W,改性时间为30、60和90 min时,活性炭纤维烧失率随着改性时间延长而升高,分别达到16.5%、27.8%、45.5%。改性过程中,活性炭纤维比表面积和微孔孔容显著增加,有助于改善活性炭纤维吸附性能。在物理吸附和化学吸附作用下,改性活性炭纤维对邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯吸附性能有所提高,其中,改性90 min活性炭纤维对其吸附量分别增加了0.58、0.55和0.44 mg·mg-1。酸性含氧基团由原来的0.973 mmol·g-1增加到1.675 mmol·g-1,改性后酸性含氧官能团的增加使活性炭纤维表面极性增大,有利于对极性有机物邻、间二甲苯吸附量增加率的提高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.