一株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及脱氮性能

从经驯化的污泥中筛选出一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌,编号为TN-05,通过形态学特征观察,生理生化特征试验和核酸序列分析鉴定其为门多萨假单胞菌（pseudomonasmendocina）。同时对其进行脱氮性能研究,结果表明,TN-05具有较好的异养硝化能力,菌株在培养至48h时对总氮和氨氮去除率均能达95％以上。通过反硝化能力验证实验发现,菌株对NO3-N和N0f—N也分别具有较好的去除效率。将菌株应用于人工合成废水中,发现对废水中氨氮优先利用并能在24h时使去除率接近100％,对硝态氮和亚硝态氮也具有一定的去除效率。因此,菌株TN-05是一株同时具备异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的高效菌株。     

一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从处理高盐废水的生物接触氧化工艺成熟活性污泥中分离得到一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌F10.根据形态学特征、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析,初步判定该菌株为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.).菌株能在盐度为3%~7%的培养基中良好的生长及脱氮,最适盐度为3%(以Na Cl计),最适碳源为乙酸钠,最适p H为7~8,最适温度为30℃.该菌株能利用NO-3-N进行反硝化作用,在盐度为3%的反硝化培养基中24 h内对NO-3-N的去除率达到92.6%,36 h基本完全去除。该菌株在3%盐度下表现出良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能,初始硝态氮浓度在270 mg/L时,菌株的脱氮率可达90%以上,氨氮的去除率可达75%以上,脱氮过程中无NO-2-N积累,可实现同步硝化反硝化,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌YZ-12的脱氮性能及其对养殖废水的处理效果

为获得高效脱氮菌,从南昌县一中型养猪厂曝气池筛选出一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株YZ-12,经过16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定其为Klebsiella oxytoca;随后检测了该菌株的硝化和反硝化能力.结果 表明,在NH4-N质量浓度为100 mg·L-1的硝化培养基和NO3-N质量浓度为400 mg·L-1的反硝...     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化功能菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从活性污泥中筛选出一株具有异养硝化同时好氧反硝化功能菌N7,经分析鉴定为Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(醋酸钙不动杆菌)。以硫酸铵为氮源、丁二酸钠为碳源,菌株N7对NH+4-N去除率高达99.2%,TN去除率为67.1%,异养硝化效果较好。分别以硝酸钾和亚硝酸钠为氮源,在30℃,150 r·min-1下培养,其TN去除率分别为62.7%和75.0%,表明N7具有良好的好氧反硝化效果。单因素实验结果表明菌株N7的最佳反硝化条件为:温度30℃、转速230 r·min-1、C/N 35、pH 8.1。     

好氧反硝化菌BN5脱氮降苯特性

以好氧反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.BN5开展去除硝态氮实验,同时研究其降解苯的特性。结果表明,在最佳转速180 r·min-1条件下,菌株在72 h内可完全降解80 mg·L-1苯;同时,硝态氮的去除率为93.2%。氮平衡分析表明:57.1%的硝态氮转化为胞内氮,32.7%以含氮气体形式被去除;细胞主要通过好氧反硝化和细胞同化作用脱氮。高浓度的苯对细胞生长和硝态氮的去除均有抑制作用,可通过固定化细胞提高降解性能。固定化菌在批式反应器中能高效降苯脱氮,且能够保证反应器的稳定。菌株Pseudomonas sp.BN5可以有效的去除苯和硝酸盐,为该菌的实际应用奠定了基础。     

一株贫营养异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮特性

从水源水库沉积物中筛选出一株具有较高脱氮效率的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌SF9。扫描电镜观察其形态特征为(0.2~0.4)μm×(0.4~0.8)μm椭球状,16S r DNA序列分析表明菌株与Delftia lacustris DSM 21246(T)相似性为100%,并分析其系统发育分类地位,对该菌进行贫营养反硝化特性研究。结果表明,该菌在分别以硝氮、亚硝氮及氨氮为唯一氮源时去除率分别达81%、64%和40%。同步硝化反硝化研究表明,该菌在氨氮存在的情况下会优先利用氨氮,在以氨氮与硝氮为氮源时和以氨氮与亚硝氮为氮源时氨氮的去除率分别达81%和74%。将菌株接种到微污染源水(总氮2.34mg/L、C/N为1.2)水体中,总氮72 h去除率达到35%,TOC消耗30%。结果表明,菌株SF9与其他已报道的好氧反硝化菌相比,能耐受更低的C/N比,可作为微污染水源水微生物修复的高效菌剂。     

硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物增长特性

采用SBR研究了缺氧条件下硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物的增长特性。结果表明,异养微生物能利用硝态氮作为氮源进行增殖。当进水COD浓度为1 400 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为280 mg/L时,COD和硝态氮的去除率分别达到97%和99%;污泥中微生物的含氮量为8.8%,低于常规利用氨氮作为氮源的微生物;在实验条件下活性污泥的产率系数为0.30 g VSS/g COD。反硝化菌可利用硝态氮作为氮源进行细胞合成对含硝氮的废水处理具有重要意义。一方面由于无需投加氨氮降低了废水处理成本,另一方面由于污泥产率低,降低了污泥处理成本。     

盐度对活性污泥驯化前后硝化特性的影响

通过批量试验系统研究了盐度对常规活性污泥硝化作用的影响以及污泥在含盐环境中经过驯化后其硝化功能的变化.试验结果表明,硝化菌比亚硝化菌对盐度更敏感,废水中含盐浓度为5 g/L时,对常规活性污泥中的亚硝化菌影响不大,硝化菌会受到一定程度的抑制;当含盐浓度超过10 g/L时,硝化菌和亚硝化菌均会受到严重抑制;含盐浓度大于30 g/L时,亚硝化菌和硝化菌已经完全受到抑制.在污泥驯化初期,耐盐硝化菌群数量较少,比硝化速率较低,硝化产物中亚硝态氮大量积累;随着驯化时间的延长,耐盐硝化菌群数量增加,比硝化速率增加,亚硝态氮累积量减少.污泥经过驯化后,硝化菌群可以逐渐适应高盐环境,在含盐浓度为30 g/L时硝化反应仍能进行.     

厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的脱氮性能及污泥性状

通过连续实验和血清瓶批式实验研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的代谢特性。在pH 7.8、温度25℃左右、水力停留时间1.5 h和苯酚浓度18.82 mg/L的条件下,耦合反应器能长期稳定运行。结果表明,NH+4-N、NO-2-N去除率高达100%,TN去除率为87.51%。消耗的NH+4-N、NO-2-N与生成的NO-3-N之比为1∶1.49∶0.12,平均总氮容积负荷为2.53 kg/(m3·d),平均总氮去除负荷可达2.26 kg/(m3·d)。系统内异养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化存在协同和竞争关系,总氮的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果。耦合系统中ANAMMOX对TN去除贡献率达到86.72%,异养反硝化对TN去除贡献率达到13.28%(其中以NO-2-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为7.16%,以NO-3-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为5.89%)。污泥性状研究表明,颗粒污泥存在3种形式:一种是ANAMMOX颗粒污泥;一种是苯酚反硝化颗粒污泥;一种是ANAMMOX菌外面包裹苯酚反硝化菌的颗粒污泥。另外,颗粒污泥的无机组分较高。污泥扫描电镜照片显示厌氧氨氧化菌为球状,反硝化菌为短杆状。     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N_2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮（N2O）的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮（NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L）浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐（NO2-N）浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.