天津地区主要河流沉积物中多环芳烃化合物的组成与分布特征

对天津地区海河、北运河、潮白新河、北京排污河、永定新河、蓟运河、北塘排污河（北排污河）、大沽排污河（南排污河）和南运河等9条具代表性河流的沉积物样品进行了分析检测．结果表明，不同河流沉积物样品中均分布有多种类型的烃类污染物，已经检测到的多环芳烃化合物主要包括萘、苊、苊烯、联苯、菲、惹烯、芴、二苯并呋喃（氧芴）、二苯并噻吩（硫芴）、荧蒽、芘、菌、苯并芴、苯并蒽、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘、苝、二苯并[a，h]蒽、茚并[1，2，3-cd]芘、苯并[g，h，i]苝等系列多种单体化合物，相对含量较高的主要有菲、甲基菲、荧蒽、芘、菌等；不同河流或同一河流不同河段沉积物中有机物和烃类污染物含量及组成均存在较大差别，其中北塘排污河、大沽排污河和南运河有机物和烃类污染物含量较高，海河及津北地区的潮白新河、蓟运河、北京排污河、永定新河有机物和烃类含量较低；津北地区河流沉积物中烷基取代物与多环芳烃母体化合物的相对比值较低，且从上游到下游有增大的趋势，海河、南北排污河、南运河沉积物中该比值相对较高，且从城区河段到下游有降低的趋势；不同河流沉积物中四环芳烃相对含量变化不明显，但四环以上芳烃化合物变化比较明显，其中海河、南北排污河及南运河沉积物中四环以上芳烃化合物的相对含量较低，津北地区北运河、潮白新河、北京排污河、永定新河的相对含量较高．由此推测，城区及津南地区的南北排污河、南运河多环芳烃中石油烃贡献相对较大，津北地区北京排污河、潮白新河、蓟运河和永定新河沉积物中石油烃污染源贡献相对较小，大气沉降物的贡献相对较大．     

扬州市不同功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险

对扬州市6个不同功能区(公园、菜地、文教区、居民区、加油站和工业区)共59个表层土壤样品(0～10 cm)中15种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和来源进行了分析,并利用苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量浓度(TEQ_BaP)评价了土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,扬州市土壤中∑15PAHs总量范围为21～36 118μg·kg^-1,中值为295μg·kg^-1,PAHs组成中以4～6环为主.不同功能区∑15PAHs总量平均值高低顺序为工业区>加油站>文教区>菜地>居民区>公园.相关性分析表明,整个扬州市土壤中∑15PAHs总量与土壤总有机碳(TOC)(P<0.05)和黑碳(BC)(P<0.01)含量都呈显著性正相关,但除了加油站土壤中∑15PAHs总量与BC含量呈显著性正相关(P<0.01)外,不同功能区土壤中∑15PAHs总量与TOC、BC含量都无显著相关性.特征比值法结果表明,不同功能区土壤中PAHs来源虽有些差异,但都主要来源于石油泄漏以及石油、煤和生物质等...     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Daliao River watershed, China

The Daliao River, as an important water system in Northeast China, was reported to be heavily polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Aerobic biodegradations of four selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene) alone or in their mixture in river sediments from the Daliao River water systems were studied in microcosm systems. E ects of additional carbon source, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, temperature variation on PAHs degradation were also investigated. Results showed that the degradation of phenanthrene in water alone system was faster than that in water-sediment combined system. Degradation of phenanthrene in sediment was enhanced by adding yeast extract and ammonium, but retarded by adding sodium acetate and not significantly influenced by adding phosphate. Although PAHs could also be biodegraded in sediment under low temperature (5°C), much lower degradation rate was observed. Sediments from the three main streams of the Daliao River water system (the Hun River, the Taizi River and the Daliao River) demonstrated di erent degradation capacities and patterns to four PAHs. Average removal rates (15 or 19 d) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene by sediment were in the range of 0.062–0.087, 0.005–0.066, 0.008– 0.016 and 0–0.059 mg/(L d), respectively. As a result, naphthalene was most easily degraded compound, anthracene was the hardest one. In multiple PAHs systems, the interactions between PAHs influenced each PAH biodegradation.     

Historical record of effects of human activities on absolute and relative concentrations of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Chao, China

正Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are attracting concern because of their potential toxicity,posing serious threats to health of humans and ecosystems(Kim et al.,2013;Zhao et al.,2016).Generally,similar to other contaminants'behaviors(Wu et al.,2001;Zhang et al.,2007,2008;Lu et al.,2009),PAHs result from natural organic matter and activities of humans,the latter's contribution usually outweighing the inputs from other sources(Fernández et al.,2000;Srogi,2007).     

滦河口表层沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为了弄清近年滦河输送与河口环境之间的相关性,对采自滦河口的33个表层沉积物样品的粒度、有机碳、重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg)和多环芳烃(PAHs;16种US EPA优先控制单体)含量进行了检测分析.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量分别为18.76,30.98,44.63,41.14,15.60,0.09,7.21和0.02μg/g.重金属含量高值区分布在河口和南部细颗粒中心区域,其分布受沉积环境控制;元素之间相关性较高,河流输送对该区域中重金属含量和分布影响较大;该区域中重金属64.2%源于人为污染释放,35.8%属于自然背景;整体污染程度较低,在河口存在低生态风险.PAHs总浓度为7.5~74.3ng/g,平均为37.4ng/g,PAHs与重金属具有完全不同的分布特征,河流输送影响较小,单体组成以4环单体为主;该区域中沉积物中的PAHs有40.3%源于石油泄漏及船舶航行等,46.7%源于煤炭、天然气及木柴燃烧,12.0%源于交通尾气排放;北部区域锚地船舶航行及石油制品泄漏对北部区域PAHs生态风险贡献较大.     

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle（TSP） samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m³ in Karachi and Mardan, re...     

大辽河水系表层沉积物中石油烃和多环芳烃的分布及来源

对大辽河水系的3条干流浑河、太子河和大辽河表层沉积物中石油烃(PHs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)分析表明,PHs总量分布范围为61.37～229.42 μg·g-1,PAHs总量分布范围为61.9～840.5 ng·g-1.石油烃含量远远高于已报道的世界其它河流和海洋沉积物中的含量,表明大辽河水系沉积物石油烃污染严重;而与世界其它河流和海洋地区相比,多环芳烃污染水平相对偏低.石油烃分布特征为太子河＞浑河＞大辽河;多环芳烃分布特征为大辽河＞太子河＞浑河.烃污染来源诊断表明,石油烃污染以陆源植物和人为污染输入为主,多环芳烃污染以石油燃烧热解为主,工业和生活污水是烃污染的主要来源.     

黄淮平原农田土壤中多环芳烃的分布、风险及来源

对227个黄淮平原农田表层土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了调查,并对其致癌风险和来源等进行了分析.结果表明,有15种PAHs被普遍检出,各单体检出率在23.3%~100%之间(苊烯未检出).土壤中PAHs总量(∑PAHs15)为33.44~1246μg/kg,平均值为152.4±166.2μg/kg,且以4环及4环以上PAHs为主,其中16.7%的样品中PAHs含量达到了污染水平(>200μg/kg),与国内外其他地区相比,黄淮平原农田土壤中PAHs含量处于相对较低水平.黄淮平原农田土壤7种致癌性PAHs毒性当量浓度(TEQBap)占总毒性当量浓度的98.27%,其中苯并(a)芘(Bap)潜在致癌风险最大.同分异构体比值法和主成分分析结果表明黄淮平原农田土壤中PAHs的主要来源是汽油、柴油高温燃烧、以及煤和秸秆燃烧.相关性分析表明有机质含量与∑PAHs15及PAHs单体含量具有显著相关性,表明有机质是影响PAHs在土壤中含量、空间分布及归趋的一个重要因素.     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

福建闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃含量、来源及健康风险评价

为研究福建省闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的残留状况、潜在来源及健康风险,采集闽江沿岸16个土壤样品,利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其中16种PAHs含量,结果表明:研究区土壤中16种PAHs的总含量为70.70~1667.83μg/kg,平均值为480.28μg/kg,其沿闽江沿岸呈“W”型分布模式,具体表现为城市高于郊区的变化;PAHs以2~3环为主,其中萘(Nap)的含量最高.基于PAHs的特征比值和主成分回归结合分析,研究区土壤中PAHs主要是石化和燃烧混合污染源,其中化石燃料高温燃烧占41.45%,石油源及生物质燃烧占49.34%,煤燃烧占9.21%.PAHs总毒性当量浓度值(TEQ_BaP)为3.10~121.15μg/kg,平均值为36.71μg/kg,37.50%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值(33.00μg/kg),表明闽江沿岸土壤已经受到PAHs不同程度的污染.健康风险评价表明,研究区土壤中PAHs的致癌风险(ILCRs)在10^-8~10^-6间,说明其致癌风险较小.     

铅锌冶炼区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和风险评价

采用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)、凝胶渗透色谱净化(GPC)协同高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法,分析贵州省典型铅锌冶炼区赫章县41个表层农田土壤样品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量水平,并对其污染特征、来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明:典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤∑PAHs的含量范围为196~11592μg·kg~(-1),算术均值和中位值分别为1500μg·kg~(-1)和780μg·kg~(-1),妈姑镇高含量的∑PAHs积累可能与当地长时间的铅锌冶炼活动有关.PAHs组分特征表现出以2~3环和4环多环芳烃为主.根据荷兰土壤干预值,妈姑镇农田土壤96.6%受到了不同程度的污染,其中,轻微污染、中度污染和重度污染所占比例分别为31.0%、24.1%和41.5%.研究区域PAHs的主要来源为煤和生物质的不完全燃烧及石油源.妈姑镇的新厂村、何家冲村、平桥组、拱桥村及赫章县的达依乡采样点土壤中PAHs的TEQBap10超过了荷兰土壤干预值规定的TEQBap10限值33.0μg·kg~(-1),说明赫章县、尤其是赫章县典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤已受到PAHs的污染,存在潜在的生态风险.     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

寿光土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

以山东省寿光市为研究区域,采集了39个土壤样品,分析了26种PAHs的含量.结果表明,26种多环芳烃的浓度范围为120~1486μg/kg,平均值为(415±312)μg/kg.16种优控PAHs的浓度范围为84~1076μg/kg,平均值为(289±211)μg/kg.与我国其他区域非点源污染土壤相比,寿光市土壤中PAHs含量处于中等水平.采用克里格(Kriging)插值方法对寿光市土壤中PAHs的空间分布特征进行预测发现,该市PAHs高污染区位于东部开发区和西部工业园,高环与低环PAHs在空间分布上有明显差异.主成分分析结果显示,该市土壤中PAHs有3个主要来源,分别为液体化石燃料燃烧源、石油源以及煤燃烧源,其对主要来源的贡献率分别为44.7%、31.7%和23.6%.相关性分析表明,低环和高环PAHs与土壤有机质含量均显著相关,但低环PAHs的相关系数明显高于高环PAHs,表明低环PAHs更容易受到土壤中有机质的影响,而高环PAHs则受控于近距离沉降.对照荷兰的土壤管理标准,寿光市土壤中Flt和Phe超标较严重,TEQBaP以及致癌风险计算结果表明,寿光市土壤PAHs处于较低风险水平.     

滇池沉积物中多环芳烃赋存状态及其再分配的初步研究

利用索氏抽提、Tenax部分萃取和沉积物的粒度和密度分离等方法对滇池沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的赋存状态及其再分配进行了研究。研究结果表明:滇池沉积物中PAHs主要存在于小粒度和低密度的组分中;尽管PAHs在粒度分布上存在一定的差异,但沉积物中碳质吸附剂的组成和含量才是决定PAHs在沉积物中赋存状态的主要因素;由于PAHs与沉积物中不同吸附剂相互作用的差异,随着时间的推移,沉积物中的PAHs存在一个再分配过程,吸附在无定形有机质和无机矿物等弱吸附剂上的PAHs逐渐向黑炭、焦炭等碳质吸附剂上转移,导致沉积物中的PAHs慢慢被锁定,因而其生物有效性也逐渐下降。     

Integration of chemical and biological methods: A case study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution monitoring in Shandong Peninsula, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), as persistent toxic substances(PTS), have been widely monitored in coastal environment, including seawater and sediment. However, scientific monitoring methods, like ecological risk assessment and integrated biomarker response, still need massive researches to verify their availabilities. This study was performed in March, May, August and October of 2018 at eight sites, Yellow River estuary(S1), Guangli Port(S2), Xiaying(S3), Laizhou(S4), Inner Bay(S5), Ou...     

舟山近海水体和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征

2012年,每两个月采集1次浙江省舟山近海水样及表层沉积物样品,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,舟山近海水体和沉积物中PAHs均存在显著的时空差异性,水体ΣPAHs浓度范围为382.3~816.9 ng·L-1,平均值为552.5ng·L-1;沉积物ΣPAHs含量范围为1017.9~3047.1 ng·g-1,平均值为2022.4 ng·g-1.空间分布上,水体ΣPAHs最大值和最小值分别出现在小洋山和燕窝山海域,而沉积物中分别出现在小洋山和朱家尖南沙海域.时间变化上,水体ΣPAHs最大值和最小值出现在10月和6月,而沉积物中分别出现在8月和6月.PAHs污染来源主要是油类排放和木柴、煤燃烧的共同叠加作用.结合PAHs的生物阈值,利用超标系数法评价舟山近海PAHs的生态风险,结果表明,ΣPAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,但苊单体存在较高几率的潜在风险,二氢苊和芴可能存在生态风险.对水-沉积物界面PAHs的富集研究表明,舟山近海沉积物中富集了大量PAHs,富集系数(Kd值)岱山岛大于舟山本岛,并与沉积物的PAHs含量分布一致.     

博斯腾湖流域沉积物中多环芳烃的时空分布、来源及生态风险评价

在新疆博斯腾湖及其上游采集了8个表层沉积物和1根湖心沉积柱样品,分析了其中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,对其时空分布特征、来源和潜在生态风险进行了研究,并采用~(210)Pb同位素测年法分析了沉积速率和沉积柱的时间跨度.结果表明:表层沉积物样品中PAHs含量范围为57.37～360.24 ng·g~(-1)(干重),开都河沉积物中PAHs以低分子量PAHs(2～3环)为主,博斯腾湖沉积物中PAHs以高分子量PAHs(4～6环)为主.开都河和博斯腾湖沉积物中萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)、苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)和茚并(1, 2, 3-cd)芘(IP)等单体的含量较高.空间分布呈现出上游河流开都河高于博斯腾湖区,且湖区污染主要集中在湖心处的污染特征.沉积柱样品中15种PAHs含量范围为29.85～211.13 ng·g~(-1),沉积速率为0.18 cm·a~(-1),PAHs组成以5环和6环为主.沉积时间跨度为1852—2016年,PAHs含量峰值出现在1994年.采用比值法对表层沉积物和沉积柱样品进行源解析表明,博斯腾湖流域PAHs主要来源于生物质和煤热解过程,近年来有向煤炭和石油燃烧复合源转变的倾向.效应区间低/中值法(ERL/ERM)和平均效应区间中值商法(M-ERM-Q)评估结果表明,博斯腾湖及其上游表层沉积物中PAHs表现出低生态风险.     

长江湖北段表层土中多环芳烃分布、来源及风险评价

应用气相质谱-色谱联用仪(GC-MS)对湖北省长江流域岸边表层土壤样品中25种多环芳烃含量进行了测定,分析了长江湖北段11个国控断面对应土壤中∑25PAHs及∑7 carcPAHs的含量分布特征,并利用同分异构体比值法及因子分析法对表层土壤中的PAHs来源进行了解析,采用苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)对PAHs的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,土壤中∑25PAHs的含量为34.81~2939.07 ng·g-1,均值为463.16 ng·g-1,以4~6环为主.与其他地区土壤PAHs含量相比,研究地区土壤PAHs污染处于中等水平,污染主要来源为石油、煤及草木等的不完全燃烧.根据荷兰土壤标准,采用毒性当量因子分析得出11种TEQBa P为3.02~2559.72 ng·g-1,73%的采样点大于参考值(33 ng·g-1),说明湖北地区长江流域周围土壤普遍存在潜在健康风险.     

典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态风险

采用同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析了路桥农业表层土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为52.3~991 μg·kg-1,与土壤有机碳显著相关（p < 0.01）.PAHs组成特征表明,路桥土壤中以高环PAHs为主.PAHs（除Nap、Acy和Fl）间呈显著相关（r > 0.7,p < 0.01）,表明采样区PAHs污染来源具有一定的相似性.同分异构体比值和因子分析表明,路桥农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤和生物质的燃烧.土样中16 PAHs的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）介于4.61~164 μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs对总TEQBaP的贡献达99%.在35%的土样中,10种PAHs的总TEQBaP超过荷兰土壤目标参考值,表明路桥部分农业土壤存在潜在的生态风险.