An experimental study of nightime air-pollutant transport over complex terrain in Athens

The Thriassion plain is a heavily industrialized area to the west of the Athens basin, separated from it by Mount Aegaleo, a 468-m high ridge about 15 km long. Three field experiments were performed to determine the possibility of air pollutant transport into the Athens basin. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) was released from one of the stacks of the Hellenic Oil Refineries, situated in the eastern part of the Thriassion plain, together with several releases of tetroons. These experiments revealed two mechanisms of air mass transport from the Thriassion plain, a daytime mechanism, when the air mass is transported along the Mount Aegaleo ridge and through the passage between Mount Aegaleo and Mount Parnitha to the north, and a nighttime mechanism, when transport occurs over Mount Aegaleo. SF₆ was released only during the night and although in all three occassions it reached the western suburbs of Athens, it did so by different simultaneous mechanisms. Furthermore its advection-diffusion once in the basin showed large variability, whose cause was the details of the flow field as it developed under the influence of the thermal stratification. The experiments demonstrate the complexity of the diffusion of air pollutants in complex terrain and the influence of both the details of the flow field and the stratification in determining the local ground-level concentrations. They also point out the need for simultaneous modelling of both factors, for the correct computation of pollution levels.     

蒙脱土-腐殖酸复合体制备及其对锶的吸附性能研究

为探究土壤胶体对放射性核素锶的吸附机制,选取典型无机矿物蒙脱土和腐殖酸制备有机-无机复合胶体,并研究了其对锶的吸附性能.实验结果表明,人工复合体的腐殖酸负载量可达到2.97%,并且添加腐殖酸会改变蒙脱土的形貌.复合体对锶的吸附量达到6.86mg/g,通过对复合体吸附锶的动力学拟合发现,吸附过程更符合二级动力学模型.吸附过程在10min后到达平衡,低温时去除率更高,15℃时为72.29%.当pH值由5增加到9时,去除率的变化范围在1%~2%之间.而离子强度对吸附有明显的影响,0.1mol/L时去除率较0.001mol/L时的去除率同比下降20%~60%.同时去除率随有机物浓度的增大而提高,从0到60mg/L时去除率快速增长,60mg/L时去除率为75.36%,随后去除率增长进入平缓期.     

水体底泥及岸边土壤有机无机复合体对磷吸附特征对比

以长春市新立城水库底泥及岸边土壤为研究对象,利用平衡吸附法研究底泥、土壤及二者有机无机复合体(砂粒、粉粒和粘粒)对磷的吸附热力学和动力学特征,并探讨底泥和土壤各级复合体对磷的吸附贡献,以期探明底泥和土壤对磷的富集规律.结果表明,底泥和土壤对磷的吸附热力学均符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,且底泥对磷的理论最大吸附量约是土壤的3倍.底泥及土壤粘粒复合体对磷的吸附热力学符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,粉粒及砂粒复合体对磷的吸附符合Henry方程.粘粒复合体对磷的吸附量均大于粉粒复合体,而粉粒复合体均大于砂粒复合体.底泥及土壤粘粒复合体对磷的吸附贡献约为60%,粉粒复合体对磷的吸附贡献稍大于砂粒复合体的吸附贡献.底泥、土壤及二者有机无机复合体对磷的吸附动力学符合一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和双常数方程,且均在24 h以内达到吸附平衡.研究结果表明,底泥与岸边土壤对磷的吸附具有相似的规律,且底泥及其复合体对磷的吸附能力均大于土壤,说明若磷素由于地表径流等因素由土壤进入到水体中,底泥对磷会有较强的吸附净化作用,即某种意义上底泥为河流磷素有效的"汇".     

新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络比较

国民经济是由多个性质迥异且相互依赖产业构成的复杂系统,科学识别产业碳排放关联传导结构对于实现中国碳减排目标具有的重要理论及现实意义。为此,首先从直接和间接两个角度综合定义全碳足迹,基于能源消耗及生产服务修正直接消耗系数,创立函数改进容许性,及时更新投入产出表,夯实数据来源基础。再设计平衡性投入产出产业全碳足迹生命周期模型测算产业全碳足迹,基于WT指数法构建新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络,继而从网络整体、节点地位、社团结构等角度分析新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹网络特征。经比较发现,构造的新旧常态中国产业全碳足迹复杂网络整体结构合理;较旧常态而言,新常态产业全碳足迹联系更为紧密,核心关键产业控制影响力更强,社团结构则总体保持稳定。在此基础上,提出综合衡量产业全碳足迹、全面顾及个体及整体特征、重点关注核心关键节点和充分考虑产业社团特征的对策建议,以求更有效提升新常态中国产业协同减排效率。     

城市复合生态系统碳氧平衡分析——以沿海城市厦门为例

通过综合城市复合生态系统内社会经济活动的主要排碳、耗氧行为,以及城市区域内湿地、淡水、海洋、森林和农田5种遗留自然生态系统的固碳释氧功能,构建了城市碳氧平衡分析模型（UCOB）,并估算了城市社会经济活动和城市中自然生态系统的碳氧收支,对城市生态系统平衡状况进行定量化指征.最后,以中国东南沿海城市厦门为例进行研究.结果显...     

BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土的稳定性

为了探究两性阳离子复配修饰膨润土的解吸稳定性,采用阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰后的膨润土进行复配修饰,批处理法研究Na Cl溶液解吸下的土样稳定性,并对比温度、p H和盐溶液浓度对解吸的影响.结果表明:在相同BS-12修饰比例下,BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土的稳定性随CTMAB复配修饰比例的增加而减小;在相同CTMAB的修饰比例下,100%BS复配的土样相比50%BS稳定性更佳.解吸液p H和Na Cl溶液浓度的升高、温度的降低均促进土样稳定性增强;Na Cl溶液浓度、温度和p H值对BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土稳定性影响呈现为Na Cl溶液浓度最大,温度次之,p H值最小;100%BS+CT复配土样的解吸稳定性最好.     

The Hirudo medicinalis species complex

Recently, Hildebrandt and Lemke (Naturwissenschaften 98:995–1008, 2011) argued that the taxonomic status of the three European medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus 1758, Hirudo verbana Carena 1820, and Hirudo orientalis Utevsky and Trontelj (Parasitol Res 98:61?66, 2005) is “questionable” since “all three species interbreed in the laboratory”. This statement is in conflict with data published by Elliott and Kutschera (Freshwater Reviews 4:21?41, 2011), indicating that these leeches, which are reciprocally copulating hermaphrodites, represent reproductively isolated biospecies. Here, I summarize evidence indicating that these three European taxa, plus the North African “dragon leech” (Hirudo troctina Johnson 1816), must be interpreted as a complex of closely related species, and that the economically most important taxon H. verbana is polymorphic.     

邯郸市大气复合污染特征的监测研究

利用邯郸市4个大气环境监测站点的PM2.5、PM10、O3等在线连续观测数据,对2013年全年的PM2.5、PM10、O3的浓度水平、变化规律和PM2.5/PM10的变化情况进行了分析,并从地形、气象、污染物排放及冬、夏季逐时PM2.5、O3和各类气体污染物浓度之间的关系等方面进行了研究.结果表明:12013年PM2.5、PM10的年均浓度分别为139和238μg·m-3,分别是国家二级标准的4.0倍和3.4倍.PM2.5、PM10日均浓度超过标准的天数均在280 d左右,全年3/4以上天数均超标.其颗粒物污染程度甚至超过北京、天津、长三角和珠三角等超大城市或城市群,属于严重超载的红色预警地区.整个采暖期PM2.5、PM10平均浓度分别为209和322.1μg·m-3,为非采暖期平均浓度的2倍和1.6倍;同时,采暖期PM2.5/PM10平均值为63%,高出非采暖期10%,采暖期细颗粒物污染问题特征明显.22013年O3日最大8小时平均浓度的最大值为238μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.5倍,超标天数为53 d,超标率为14.5%;最大时均浓度为288μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.4倍,超标小时数为148h,占全年有效数据的1.7%;与北方城市相比,其污染程度超过北京、天津等,略低于洛阳污染水平.3邯郸市大气复合污染的形成,除了区域大气环流与特殊地形叠加影响外,还主要归因于相对较高的人为源大气污染物排放,因此,要想走出复合污染的困局,减排是硬道理,解决灰霾污染需开展颗粒物、NOx、SO2等污染物的协同控制.     

复杂河流水体能值转换率研究

以含有水利工程和支流汇入的复杂河流为研究对象,在考虑了可更新资源、不可更新资源、经济社会反馈和负产出投入能值的基础上,建立了水库水体能值转换率数学模型;考虑水量和能值平衡,建立了支流汇入后干流水体能值转换率数学模型,进而提出了复杂河流水体能值转换率的计算方法,经计算,六冲河干流夹岩水库入库河水化学能平均能值转换率由4.85×10⁴ sej/J增至下泄后的1.15×10⁵ sej/J,经过支流白甫河的汇入,汇入点至洪家渡水库间的干流水体能值转换率变为8.87×10⁴ sej/J.实例研究表明：水利工程的作用和支流的汇入,使得干流水体能值转换率存在空间差异.受水利工程影响后,干流水体能值转换率显著增加;受支流汇入影响后,干流水体能值转换率介于支流和汇入点前干流水体能值转换率之间.     

Making water policy work in the United Kingdom: A case study of practical approaches to strengthening complex,multi-tiered systems of water governance

We propose a suite of actions for strengthening water governance in contexts with complex, multi-tiered arrangements. In doing so, we focus on the collective water policies and approaches of the United Kingdom (UK), including those of devolved governments, which confront a host of serious water-related challenges—from massive flooding of urban areas and agricultural lands, to pressure on aquifers from rising water demand and drought. Further complexity in addressing these challenges has emerged in the wake of the June 2016 vote to leave the European Union (EU), so-called ‘Brexit’, and the ensuing ‘separation process’ with uncertainties for institutional and governance arrangements to follow. We make ten proposals for improving and reinvigorating water policy in complex, multi-layered situations, and comment specifically on their application in the UK setting. These are: put in place a system-wide water policy; fully embrace community-led nested river basin planning and management; fully fund river basin planning and management; re-focus the policy framing; use best-available data and information; create conversational spaces and become a more water-literate society; mobilise people; support and sustain core community networks; underpin river basin plans with regulatory provisions and effective monitoring and enforcement; and address systemic institutional amnesia. Individually and collectively, we contend that these actions will have a marked effect on transforming the planning and management of water resources. A system-wide water policy that maintains and builds on the substantive biophysical and socio-economic benefits delivered through implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive, together with the more recent Floods Directive, will galvanise stewardship of water in the UK. We urge more active engagement with and empowerment of the multiplicity of system ‘actors’, and highlight the role of non-government actors in a post-Brexit world as conduits for reaching out to and connecting directly with a wide range of water-related actors, especially across the EU. While attention to-date has focused on a plethora of specifically water-related projects, initiatives, plans and regulations, what is really needed is a systemic, long-term view of water resource management.     

土壤-植物系统中模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染的短期环境效应--黄豆盆栽试验

通过盆栽实验,研究了在黄豆(Glycne max)的一个生长周期内,模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染对土壤基本性质的影响,模拟酸雨作用下土壤-植物系统中Cd的迁移转化规律以及模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染对黄豆生长与生理特性的影响,探讨了土壤-植物系统中这种复合污染的短期环境效应.结果表明,短期内模拟酸雨和Cd污染对土壤-植物系统都有致害作用,但Cd污染的效应大于模拟酸雨的效应,模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染环境效应大于这2种污染物的单因素效应,且表现出明显的协同作用.在本试验条件下,pH值为3.5的模拟酸雨和20 mg·kg-1Cd的处理组合对土壤-植物系统的危害最严重.尽管在短期内,协同作用仅在土壤交换态Cd含量、黄豆茎和根中的Cd含量这3项指标上得到一定程度的体现,但这种复合污染的化学机制和环境效应值得关注,这2种污染物长时期共同作用对土壤-植物系统的影响也值得深入研究.     

Representation of complex visual stimuli in the brain

A method was developed to investigate transfer properties of neurons in the visual system using pictures of complex visual stimuli. The picture is moved over the receptive field of a neuron so that it can scan it along programmed lines. The activity of the neuron during the scanning procedure is presented in a two-dimensional dot display on scale with the original picture. By superposition of the stimulus and the transfer pattern, one can find out to which detail of a stimulus the neuron responds. Neurons in the first intracerebral relay of the visual system, the lateral geniculate body, reduce a complex stimulus, such as a photograph of a natural environment, to its contours. Cortical cells only respond to contours either of a limited or of a wider range of orientations (simple and complex cells, respectively). But the course of contours is only described by a continuous representation of these contours in the cortical map of the visual field. This is done by the simple cells, which have small receptive fields and thus a higher resolving power, whereas complex cells with their large receptive fields monitor the approximate location of a moving stimulus. The function of these two classes of neurons is discussed in terms of visual behavior, i.e., for fixation, hold, and binocular vergence movements (simple cells), and for detection of moving objects and motor command signals towards these objects (complex cells). These functions are an important condition for foveal vision which is the basis of perception in primates. An important function of orientation sensitivity of simple cells may be the binocular alignment of contours in binocular fusion and stereoscopic vision.