Background metal levels determination in bivalves – quality assessment of the European Water Framework Directive

Background levels of metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in biomonitors (Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels and Crassostrea gigas oysters), in estuarine waters within the Basque Country (south-east Bay of Biscay) are estimated using non-parametric statistical tools and data are presented graphically, with the aim of being used in assessing the ecological status, within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The basis for this study was the statistical analysis of data compiled from monitoring programmes undertaken along the Basque coast, between 1990 and 2008. For this analysis, a heuristic method was adapted and used. Results showed different metal background ranges throughout the year for both mussels and oysters. Values corresponding to the upper limit of the background range (i.e. value of the upper whisker of the box-plot) are proposed as the ‘high/good’ status boundary, according to the WFD.     

Metal Content in Selected Tissues and Shell of Pern A Virwis (L) From Pondicherry, East Coast of India

Mussels are good bioaccumulators of metals and have been used as indicators for environmental monitoring. in this study on P. viridis from Pondicherry coast, metal content (aluminium, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) were analysed in selected tissues and shell nacre for a period of one year. the metal content shows that digestive gland accumulates higher concentrations of metal ions followed by gill, mantle and shell. of the different components (digestive gland, gill, mantle and shell nacre) of the organism, only shell nacre exhibited a significant relationship with ambient levels and therefore can be applied to temporal monitoring of metal contamination.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine residues in fish from the magdalena and meta rivers in Colombia

From sexually mature female fish of 32 different species muscle tissues and eggs were collected at four sites in the Magdalena and Meta rivers in Colombia. In most of the fishes, organochlorine residues were found both in the muscle tissues and in the eggs. On a fat basis, the level of SDDT and PCBs in the muscle tissues ranged from 55–10 700 and 5–5610 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The concentration of these compounds in the fish eggs were generally lower than those in the tissues. The levels of the residues in the fish were highest in the middle and lower part of the Magdalena River, indicating a contamination of the whole fish community. The results show that this river, especially its lower part after merging with the River Bogotá, is heavily influenced by anthropogenic persistent compounds. The pollution of lakes, dams, rivers and coastal areas with sewage, pesticides and industrial wastes is one of the most pressing environmental problems in Colombia. Since there are no statistics or other material that permit a diagnosis of the problem and its magnitude, it is urgent to carry out such investigations to identify sources and take appropriate measures. The responsibility for the use and control of industrial and agricultural chemicals is today shared among many regional corporations. We suggest the establishment of an authority at high technical and govermental level that can initiate monitoring and coordinate actions to alleviate the present situation.     

几种水生模式生物在持久性有机污染物毒理学评价中的研究进展

持久性有机污染物对环境及生物体产生的危害已引起全球范围内的持续关注。此类物质能够富集在生物体内,并通过食物链传递产生生物放大效应,进而引发“三致”作用、发育毒性、内分泌干扰效应等。水生模式生物具有饲养成本低、生理周期较短、繁殖量大等优点而被广泛应用于POPs毒理学评价。本文聚焦斑马鱼、青鳉鱼、非洲爪蟾等几种水生模式生物,对其在POPs毒性效应研究中的应用进展进行综述,包括POPs所致骨骼发育畸形、心血管系统病变、性腺发育异常等发育毒性,卵黄蛋白原的诱导、性腺指数、甲状腺激素水平的改变等内分泌干扰效应以及神经行为异常等相关研究内容,希望为POPs污染现状评估以及毒理效应的深入探索、疾病预测模型的建立提供资料参考,并对该领域研究过程中生物模型的筛选具有借鉴意义。     

典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应——国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目介绍

国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目——“典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应”已被批准立项,并将于1992—1995年内付诸实施。本项目研究内容涉及典型化学污染物在环境中迁移、转化及降解的化学过程;在多介质环境中的循环过程及模型;生态毒理学效应;对生态系统结构与功能的影响和预测;以及生态调控对策等五个课题。它是一项涉及环境化学、环境生态学和环境预防医学的多学科交叉的综合性研究项目。此项目科学意义重大,不仅是因为它与我国国民经济、生态环境和人体健康有着密切的关系,而且还因为它的研究将促进我国有关环境科学领域的基础和应用基础理论研究提高到一个新的水平。此外,它将为污染物的环境化学行为及生态效应的多学科,综合性研究积累方法学经验,从而为我国环保工作做出贡献。     

浮游生物对持久性有机污染物迁移和转化影响的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)被持续排放到自然环境中,严重危害环境安全和生命健康.海洋、河流等水环境是POPs重要的\"汇\",作为水生食物链的起点,浮游生物在水生生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要的角色,其对POPs的吸附、吸收、转化及运输,在很大程度上影响了 POPs的环境行为.本文将浮游生物对POPs迁移和转化的可能影响进行了总结,综合分析了浮游植物和浮游动物对POPs的吸附-吸收和生物富集/放大过程及影响以上过程的生物和环境因素,从脱卤代谢、氧化代谢和微生物联合代谢3个方面阐述了浮游生物对POPs的降解及转化机制,最后讨论了浮游生物的生物泵作用对POPs垂直迁移的影响.本文能够为水生生物影响POPs迁移和转化的研究提供重要参考.     

Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels

Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we do not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate.     

长链非编码RNA响应环境污染物胁迫研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, LncRNA)是指一类长度>200个核苷酸一般无编码蛋白质能力的RNA分子。其在真核生物中广泛存在,参与生物体表观遗传调控、生长发育、免疫、代谢等多种生命活动,近年来已成为生命科学领域的研究热点。随着对环境污染物毒理作用机制研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明LncRNA参与污染物胁迫应答,在环境污染物引起的毒性效应中发挥重要功能。本文简要介绍了LncRNA的分类及其生物学功能,并着重综述了LncRNA参与不同类型环境污染物胁迫应答的研究进展,包括多环芳烃、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚、苯和双酚类化合物、全氟和多氟烷醚类化合物、药物及个人护理品、农药、重金属、纳米材料和PM_2.5等。最后对LncRNA在毒理学研究领域未来的发展方向进行了展望。本文旨在为今后更加深入开展LncRNA在环境污染物毒性效应中的分子机制研究提供参考。     

新兴污染物对微藻的毒性作用与机制研究进展

随着科技的发展,监测手段不断进步,新兴污染物普遍存在于环境中的问题及其可能带来的危害近年来才开始受到重视和研究。微藻作为初级生产者,对维持生态系统的稳定和平衡起到了至关重要的作用。本文综述了包括全氟化合物、多环芳烃、药品及个人护理品、纳米材料、微塑料和稀土元素在内的新兴污染物对微藻毒性作用及机制的研究进展。重点针对微藻的种间关系、生长和形态、对污染物的吸收和代谢、氧化应激反应、光合作用及基因表达等方面进行了总结,分析了新兴污染物作用下微藻的响应规律,归纳了新型污染物作用于微藻的毒性影响与可能机制。最后思考了其中可能存在的问题,提出了几点建议和展望。     

典型环境污染物对肠道菌群的影响及机制研究进展

随着环境污染日益严重,国内外有关环境污染物导致健康风险的毒性机制研究已引起广泛关注。然而,环境污染物对机体肠道菌群结构、功能的改变及其对毒性效应的调控作用研究尚处起步阶段。本综述在归纳近年来国内外人体及模式生物的肠道菌群研究进展的基础上,重点阐述了以重金属污染物、微纳米颗粒污染物、持久性有机污染物以及抗生素为代表的典型环境污染物对肠道菌群结构、组成、数量以及代谢等的影响,总结了肠道菌群在机体毒性效应中潜在调控作用,为后续肠道菌群在环境污染物毒理学效应及人类健康风险方面的系统研究提供理论参考。     

碳纳米管的细胞生物学效应

在碳纳米管生物学效应的研究中,细胞实验比动物实验更易于控制并且耗费较低,目前已取得了多方面的进展.本文从碳纳米管的细胞毒性、现行毒性评价方法的可靠性及细胞对碳纳米管的摄入机制三个方面进行介绍,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望和分析.     

不同静电场处理方式对大豆生物学效应的比较研究

分别研究了静电场预处理种子、静电场处理幼苗以及种子和幼苗累积静电场处理3种电场处理方式对大豆叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chla)荧光动力学参数和根系活力的影响.结果表明,3种静电场处理方式均能对大豆产生明显的生物学效应.其中,静电场处理种子对大豆的影响相对较小,静电场处理幼苗对大豆的影响较大,而对种子和幼苗累积静电场处理对大豆的影响最为显著.图2表1参11     

基于共振能量转移的生物传感器用于环境检测的研究进展

共振能量转移（RET）是从受激或自发光供体到邻近基态受体（生色团猝灭剂或荧光团）的非辐射能量转移. 利用该原理构建的生物传感器具有高灵敏度、高选择性、自动校正的特点,在环境检测领域具有巨大的应用潜力. 本文综述了目前RET生物传感器在环境检测领域（包括重金属、阴离子、有机污染物、生物毒素和病原微生物的检测）的研究进展,并针对不同环境污染物分析了RET传感体系的构建特点,最后探讨了基于RET的生物传感器在环境领域应用所面临的挑战,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望.     

生物监测及其在环境监测中的应用(Biological Monitoring and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring)

生物监测是近几十年来发展起来的应用于环境监测领域的一门新兴技术,是指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应,从生物学角度对环境污染状况进行监测和评价.作为环境监测的重要组成部分,生物监测具有敏感性、长期性、连续性、经济性、非破坏性和综合性等优势,有望在生态系统环境监测、总量控制、环境风险评价、环境污染早期预警、突发事件监测和环境标准制定等领域取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从目前在环境监测中应用的生物监测的原理、分类、特点、方法学和实际应用等方面进行综述.尽管生物监测还有不足之处,但可以肯定,其发展和应用将会对环境监测事业产生极大的推动作用,有着非常广阔的发展前景.     

Monofunctionalized cyclodextrin polymers for the removal of organic pollutants from water

Water is an important resource for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational purposes. The quality of water is however significantly deteriorating due to the accumulation of organic pollutants in aqueous systems. Conventional water treatment technologies fail to remove these contaminants to desirable levels. Recent studies have revealed that cyclodextrin nanoporous polymers are capable of absorbing pollutants from water to parts per billion levels. We have demonstrated that functionalised cyclodextrin polymers have enhanced absorption capacities for some organic pollutants. Here we report the synthesis of several insoluble monosubstituted cyclodextrin polymers or “nanosponges”. We show that these polymers have improved abilities in the absorption of p-nitrophenol and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions.     

两栖动物在环境污染生物监测中的应用前景

简单介绍了生物监洲的优越性和选择指示生物的一般标准，沦述了不同生态类群作为指示生物的研究；重点讨论了两栖动物作为指示生物在环境监测中的优越性及其与环境的父系，总结了两栖动物在污染环境中的异常反应，综述了两栖动物作为指示生物在环境污染生物监测中的研究历史和现状，提出了利用两栖动物的形态和行为模式建立水体污染生物监测仪器的可能性，为生物监测提供了科学依据，表1参51