Predicting the relative oral bioavailability of naturally occurring As,Cd and Pb from in vitro bioaccessibility measurement: implications for human soil ingestion exposure assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Chestnut soils developed over mineralized areas of southwestern Spain are characterized by high baseline concentrations of geogenic trace elements, notably...     

Environmental risk assessment of radioactivity and heavy metals in soil of Toplica region,South Serbia

Activity levels of natural and artificial radionuclides and content of ten heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) were investigated in 41 soil samples collected from Toplica region located in the south part of Serbia. Radioactivity was determined by gamma spectrometry using HPGe detector. The obtained mean activity concentrations ± standard deviations of radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs were 29.9 ± 9.4, 36.6 ± 11.5, 492 ± 181 and 13.4 ± 18.7 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. According to Shapiro–Wilk normality test, activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th were consistent with normal distribution. External exposure from radioactivity was estimated through dose and radiation risk assessments. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured by using ICP-OES, and their health risks were then determined. Enrichment by heavy metals and pollution level in soils were evaluated using the enrichment factor, the geoaccumulation index (I_geo), pollution index and pollution load index. Based on GIS approach, the spatial distribution maps of radionuclides and heavy metal contents were made. Spearman correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis between radionuclide activity concentrations and heavy metal contents.

     

风险评价代码法对农田土壤重金属生态风险的评价

为揭示矿区周边农田土壤中重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险,于2013年在云南省某铅锌矿周边的农田土壤共布设68个采样点,分析土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的含量及污染程度,并采用改进的BCR法测定了各重金属形态分布特征,在此基础上运用风险评价代码法评价了重金属的潜在风险程度.结果表明,7种重金属都存在不同程度的超标,其中超标最严重的是Cd和Zn,超标率分别达到92.6%和75%.7种重金属化学形态也不尽相同:在重金属有效态中,Cd的水溶态和可提取态较高(平均值达到31.2%);Pb、Cu和Zn可还原态、可氧化态这两部分含量较高,两部分之和的平均值分别可达到27.9%、30%和29.2%;Hg、As和Cr的残渣态含量较高,平均值分别为90.4%、72.9%和76.8%.风险评价代码评价结果表明,54.4%的样点Cd为高生态风险,45.6%的样点Cd为中度生态风险;100%的样点Zn为中度生态风险;Cu有41.2%的点位属于低生态风险,58.8%的点位属于中度生态风险;As和Pb主要以低生态风险为主(所占比例分别为92.6%和91.8%);Hg主要以无生态风险为主(所占97.1%).综上,该矿区周边农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染,其中土壤中Cd的生态风险最高,同时,Zn和Cu的生态风险也不容忽视.     

拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价

在分析拉萨河水体重金属污染现状以及水质理化参数的基础上,对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,并运用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行了健康风险的初步评价.结果表明Cd、Pb、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn未超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749—2006）的限值,As和Fe严重超标.8种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性,其中Zn、Ni与Pb污染存在一定的同源性,而Ni与Cd来源不同,As、Mn、Fe、Cu之间污染具有多源性.污染物通过皮肤接触途径所造成的危害要远小于饮水途径,致癌物风险比非致癌物高2—8个数量级.其中As对总风险贡献率为99.60%,成为主要的风险污染物.拉萨河水体中污染物引起的总健康风险高于EPA推荐的标准值,具有显著的风险,应引起环境监测和环境管理部门的关注.     

干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜（Brassica cole）中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。     

天津公园土壤重金属污染评价及其空间分析

随着城市化和工业化进程的加快,我国城市及其周边目前已遭受到明显的重金属污染,本文着重研究了天津17个主要公园土壤重金属的污染特征。2007年10月采集公园土壤样品,利用ICP-MS分析土壤重金属的含量。研究结果表明：Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd和Pb的平均质量分数分别为36.57mg·kg-1,116.56mg·kg-1,30.15mg·kg-1,51.04mg·kg-1,0.25mg·kg-1和31.62mg·kg-1。以天津市土壤背景值为评价标准,天津公园土壤重金属污染属于中度污染和轻微生态风险。重金属主要污染因子为Cd,其次是Pb、Zn和Cu。天津中环线以内区域公园土壤重金属污染较中外环线之间相比较重。不同行政区划区域公园土壤重金属污染从综合污染指数来看,由重到轻的顺序为：红桥区〉河北区〉河东区〉南开区〉河西区〉和平区〉北辰区;从潜在生态指数评价来看,由重到轻的顺序为：红桥区〉河北区〉河东区〉南开区〉河西区〉北辰区〉和平区。     

Concentration of heavy metals in vegetables and potential health risk assessment in China

Food safety is an important issue in the world. This study assessed the health risk for the Chinese public when consuming vegetables grown in China, based on 1335 data records from 220 published papers during 2007–2016. The results showed that the average of Pb, Cd, and Hg concentration in vegetables was 0.106, 0.041, and 0.008 mg/kg, which were lower than the maximum allowable concentrations, respectively. Leaf vegetables contained higher heavy metals than root vegetables and fruit vegetables. On a provincial scale, the highest Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations in vegetables were determined by those in soil and atmosphere. The total health risk index showed that people in Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Hubei provinces in southern China, and Liaoning Province in northeast China, faced a high risk of Pb, Cd, and Hg when consuming vegetables.     

Assessment of elemental distribution and heavy metals contamination in phosphate deposits: potential health risk assessment of finer-grained size fraction

The concentrations and chemical distributions of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, U, and V) in the Al-Jiza phosphate ores were investigated. Typically, the mean concentration values of Cd, Cr, Ni, U, and Zn are 15 ± 8, 109 ± 21, 34 ± 6, 211 ± 55, 142 ± 55, and 161 ± 57 mg kg^?1, respectively. On the other hand, the encountered average concentration values of Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, U, and V in the phosphate dust particles (<0.053) were found to be 22 ± 5, 179 ± 5, 67 ± 11, 441 ± 14, 225 ± 58, and 311 ± 9 mg kg^?1, respectively. The contamination factors of U and Cr are greater than 1, indicating that these heavy metals could be potentially hazardous, if released to the environment. Multivariate statistical analysis allowed the identification of three main factors controlling the distribution of these heavy metals and the other chemical constituents. The extracted factors are as follows: francolite mineral factor, clay minerals factor, and diagenesis factor. Health risk assessments of non-cancerous effects in finer-grained size fraction that might be caused by contamination with the heavy elements have been calculated for both children and adults. The risk assessments in case of children for non-cancerous effects showed that U has values greater than the safe level of hazard index (HI = 1). In case of adults, the value of risk for U is also higher as compared to those of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Zn where it lies within the safe range of hazard index (HI < 1). Child health risk assessment indicates that children are more vulnerable to contaminants from phosphate mining than adults.     

石河子市PM2.5中重金属污染及健康风险评价

采集石河子市供暖时期的PM_(2.5)样品,使用ICP-MS对PM_(2.5)中5种重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Fe)进行检测,并对重金属元素进行健康风险评价.选取重金属元素中的Zn进行动物实验,以观察PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素对大鼠肺部的影响.将不同浓度的PM_(2.5)(0.5、3.0、15.0 mg·kg~(-1)体重)和Zn(0.06、0.3、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)体重)通过气管滴注的方式暴露于大鼠来探究PM_(2.5)中的Zn元素对大鼠肺部的损伤.处死大鼠后获取大鼠的支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织,使用ELISA、比色法和HE染色来检测大鼠BALF中促炎因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、肺组织中氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以及观察大鼠肺组织的病理变化.结果表明供暖期间石河子市PM_(2.5)浓度为109.85±58.76μg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)中重金属的浓度为Fe (27.766μg·m~(-3)) Zn (3.484μg·m~(-3)) Pb (1.444μg·m~(-3)) Cu (0.628μg·m~(-3)) Ni (0.094μg·m~(-3)).Ni存在一定的致癌风险,Cu,Zn,Pb不存在非致癌风险.PM_(2.5)以及Zn浓度的升高能够显著抑制SOD活性并增加MDA、IL-6、TNF-α水平,但是在同等Zn元素含量的情况下(PM_(2.5)高剂量组和Zn中剂量组),PM_(2.5)对大鼠的损伤更为严重.因此,PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素可以引起大鼠肺部的损伤,在这一过程中Zn元素发挥重要作用.     

徐州煤矿混推复垦区土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价

以徐州煤矿混推复垦区为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取法,对该复垦区土壤Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn、Cu、Cr等6种重金属含量进行分析和风险评价.结果表明,除Cr外,复垦区土壤Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn和Cu的含量均大于当地土壤背景值,但均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,不同复垦年限下土壤重金属含量差异较大,Zn、Mn总体上随复垦年限延长,积累越明显.形态分析表明,Pb和Mn以铁锰氧化物结合态为主;Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr以残渣态为主.徐州煤矿复垦区土壤重金属的生物可利用系数(BF)的平均值大小为MnPbCuZnCrNi.各重金属的生态风险程度大小为PbCuNiMnCrZn.徐州煤矿复垦区土壤重金属的潜在生态风险指数范围是16.71—25.94,平均值为21.56,属于轻微生态危害.不同复垦年限下土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数大小为1997年复垦2006年复垦1987年复垦2010年复垦塌陷未复垦未塌陷,各复垦年限下土壤重金属均属于轻微生态风险.     

哈尔滨市表土重金属地球化学基线的确定及污染程度评价

在实地采样测试的基础上,分别运用地质累积指数法和污染负荷指数法对哈尔滨市表土103个样品中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As元素的单因子污染程度和多元素综合污染状态进行了评价,并在ArcGIS平台下对区域污染程度进行空间可视化。地质累积指数法表明：哈尔滨市Hg、Cd、Pb和As的污染等级主要为1级和2级;各目标元素均有一定比例的3级污染等级,以Hg最为明显,其中Hg和Cd出现了4、5级污染,所占比例不大;污染负荷指数法的综合评价结果显示,点污染负荷指数（IPL）以Ⅰ级为主,呈中度污染,区域污染负荷指数（IPLzone）值为1.478,污染程度属于Ⅰ级。     

土壤重金属的形态分布特征及其影响因素

土壤重金属元素在介质中的存在形态是衡量其环境效应的关键参数.选择长江三角洲地区的江苏省昆山市为研究区,采集了126个土壤表层样品,通过欧共体标准司提出的BCR 3步提取法对土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属元素的形态分布特征进行了分析,并采用逐步回归法探讨了影响重金属化学形态的影响因素.研究结果表明,Cd主要以可还原态存在,Pb主要以有机结合态存在,而Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co 5种元素主要以残渣态存在,不同重金属元素的次生相态所占总量百分比由大到小的顺序为Cd、Pb、Co、Cu、zn、Ni、Cr.重金属总量是影响重金属形态含量的最主要因素,其次为有机质和pH值,FeOx含量是影响残渣态含量的主要因素,粘粒含量是影响Zn各形态的主要因素,MnOx含量是影响Pb各形态的主要因素.     

土壤重金属化学形态的生物可利用性评价

重金属化学形态是近年来土壤化学、植物营养和环境科学研究领域的一个热点和难点,利用重金属的化学形态分布和含量变化来评价重金属的生物可利用性,有利于全面研究重金属的危害性和治理重金属污染土壤。结果表明,水溶态和交换态的重金属易被生物吸收利用,而残留态重金属一般不被生物利用,其它形态如碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态的生物可利用性主要取决于外界环境的变化。     

大冶矿区土壤-蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

对大冶铜绿山、铜山口矿区和非矿区的土壤、蔬菜重金属污染特征进行了分析,利用单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量,并进一步分析了蔬菜重金属暴露接触对当地居民的健康风险.结果表明,矿区附近蔬菜地土壤均受到不同程度上的重金属污染,尤其是Cu和Cd的污染.非矿区蔬菜地土壤受到重金属的中度污染,主要是Cd污染.矿区蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量均超过中国食品安全卫生标准,非矿区部分蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量超标.矿区居民食用各种蔬菜均会产生Pb和Cd的健康风险.青少年儿童食用蔬菜比成年人更易受到重金属的危害.     

湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

本研究于湘江共采集了29个典型重金属污染断面底泥样品,测定了底泥中重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn的含量及其有效态含量,并采用改进潜在生态风险指数法评价了底泥重金属的潜在生态风险.研究结果表明,湘江底泥存在主要由重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn构成的复合污染,其含量范围依次为2.83—29.15 mg·kg-1、8—1784 mg·kg-1、10.00—4884.28 mg·kg-1、9—674 mg·kg-1、744.83—16246.22 mg·kg-1和61.50—3771.11 mg·kg-1;参考土壤环境质量Ⅲ级标准的断面超标率依次为100%、10.34%、6.90%、3.54%、100%和24.14%;有效态百分含量范围依次为25.04%—66.63%、8.75%—50.00%、1.14%—35.08%、3.70%—39.00%、1.99%—65.79%和7.48%—47.96%;生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险最高,其次是Pb和Mn,潜在生态风险指数贡献率(MRI)依次为90.37%、4.17%、3.03%,干流的潜在生态风险高于支流的生态风险,达到极强危害水平的采样断面占72.41%,主要集中于永州、衡阳、株洲、湘潭、长沙和郴州.     

Assessment of drain water receiving effluent from tanneries and its impact on soil and plants with particular emphasis on bioaccumulation of heavy metals

In the present study, impact of tannery and other industrial effluents on the physico-chemical characteristics of loamy drain water and their consequent impact on soil and plants irrigated with effluent have been studied. The study reveals most of the parameter pH, BOD5 and COD at sampling station I was higher than station II. Waste water quality at both Stations I and II exceeded prescribed limits (BIS) for safe disposal of effluents into the surface water Samples of soil and vegetables from the land irrigated with loamy drain water has been collected and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr Pb and Cd. The different metals showed different enrichment factor for loamy drain water irrigated soil and are as follows: Cd 30% (max), Pb 26%, Zn 18%, Cr 5%, Cu 5%, Ni 2% (min). For plant samples collected at polluted sites are Ni 46% spinach (whole plant) (max), Zn 42% spinach (whole plant), Cr 39% spinach (whole plant), Cu 33% spinach (whole plant), Pb 20% potato tuber, Cd 20% potato tuber (min). The levels of Zn 145, Cu 5.25, and Ni 39.25 microg/ g in spinach, Pb 29.25, Cr 38. 25 and Cd 3.2 microg/g in potato tuber grown on polluted soil irrigated with contaminated drain water were found more than the reference value, which may create chronic health hazard problem to human and cattle through food chain in long run. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals may be build up in the agriculturally productive land where it is treated with contaminated effluent enrich with metals in turn bio-concentrated in the edible fodder/plants.     

Assessment of soil washing for heavy metal contaminated paddy soil using FeCl3 washing solutions

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - In this study, soil washing is applied for the remediation of heavy-metal (Pb, Cu and Zn) contaminated paddy soil located near an abandoned mine area. FeCl3...     

江西省市售草鱼重金属含量分析及食用安全性评价

为探究江西省市售草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)重金属元素蓄积水平及食用安全性,利用原子吸收光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了草鱼肌肉中的Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb共12种重金属元素的含量.采用营养质量指数法、单项污染指数法、均值型综合污染指数法、目标危害系数法及每周可耐受摄入量对其营养价值、污染程度、健康风险与食用安全性进行评估.结果表明,样品中Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量均低于我国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)中的标准.营养质量评价结果显示,草鱼是人体必需元素Mg和Cu的良好食物源.污染程度分析表明,有小部分样品中Zn(3.17%)和As (4.76%)处于微污染水平,As(1.59%)处于轻污染水平,其余重金属均处于无污染水平.健康风险评估结果显示,江西省市售草鱼中重金属对当地居民无明显的健康风险;但As、Zn和Cu对复合重金属目标危害系数的贡献率达到60.85%,是草鱼重金属污染中主要的风险因子; As、Cd和Cr致癌风险处于可接受水平,Pb无致癌风险;食用安全性结果显示,每周实际摄入重金属的量(EWI)占每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)比值小于10%,表明江西省草鱼食用安全性较高.