高浓度含盐化工废水蒸发脱盐回收处理的试验研究

对双效蒸发器处理高浓度含盐化工废水进行了小规模试验,结果表明,采用双效蒸发器处理该废水的效果明显,二次蒸汽重复利用,降低了处理成本,平均蒸发吨水的蒸汽耗量约0．75t。废水中CODcr,的去除率可达95％以上,采用两次蒸发分步结晶工艺,可将废水中的不同盐类全部回收利用,实现了变废为宝、资源再生的目的。     

负压外循环法处理钢铁盐酸酸洗废液的研究

采用负压可以使蒸发温度下降 30℃ ;外循环工艺防止结晶堵塞 ,使液体通过加热器的速度由 0 .0 2 m/ s提高到1.0 m/ s;蒸发结晶后完全回收 HCl和 Fe Cl2 ;并以某钢铁厂酸洗废液为对象 ,设计负压蒸发—冷却结晶—离心分离工艺 ,实现了酸洗废液的零排放 ,从根本上解决了钢铁厂酸洗废液的污染问题。     

热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌回收

分别采用蒸酸法、氨络合法和硫化沉淀法分离回收热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌铁。分别考察了酸洗废水中盐酸的逸出特性和氨浸法回收蒸馏渣中锌的效果;利用酸洗废水的酸度浸取锌灰中的锌并用氨络合法分离酸浸出液中锌铁;利用硫化物不同溶度积选择性沉淀酸浸出液中的锌,考察了Na2S加入量、曝气时间、反应溶液pH和反应时间的影响。研究结果表明硫酸的加入能提高盐酸的蒸发率但效果不明显,氨络合法难于有效分离锌铁,但硫化物沉淀法可较好地分离锌铁,铁回收率可达97．12％,锌沉淀率达到99．99％,所得沉淀物中ZnS纯度为68．51％。     

加盐蒸馏回收盐酸和混凝剂制备技术资源化利用盐酸酸洗废液

为了实现钢材酸洗废液的资源化,能够同时回收盐酸和铁盐,提出了加盐蒸馏回收盐酸与蒸馏母液制备聚铁混凝剂两段组合工艺相结合的技术.实验对质量浓度为9.28%的实际盐酸废液进行了研究,考察了添加盐的种类、盐的投加量和蒸馏量等因素对再生盐酸回收效果和聚铁混凝剂溶液混凝效果的影响.研究表明,氯盐可以明显改变氯化氢、水的相对挥发度,当CaCl2投加量为1 mol/L,体积蒸馏量在30%时,为此工艺的最佳条件.在此工艺条件下,再生盐酸质量浓度约22.3%;蒸馏母液制备得到的聚铁混凝剂溶液应用实验表明,对印染废水脱色效果良好.此工艺不仅实现了酸洗废液中残酸和铁离子的资源化利用,而且达到酸洗废液的零排放.     

钢管酸洗废液的综合利用

钢管酸洗过程中产生大量的废水 ,主要包括酸洗废液、清洗废水。一般对钢管酸洗中的废水集中采用石灰乳一段 (或二段 )中和处理 ,不仅操作麻烦复杂、花费大又产生大量的污泥 ,而且还浪费宝贵的化工原料硫酸及其亚铁盐。诸暨净化剂厂经过几年的科技攻关 ,成功地利用钢管酸洗废液批量生产 FM混凝剂 ,不仅大大减轻了钢管厂的治污压力 ,同时产生了一定的经济效益 ,达到了综合利用、变废为宝目的。1　 FM混凝剂的生产及试验1.1　酸洗废液的来源及组成酸洗废液采用诸暨市健力钢管厂年产 2 .5× 10 4t的酸洗槽废液 ,全年约 15 0 0 t,主要成分为硫…     

甘氨酸厂废液综合治理的工艺及实验研究

对氯乙酸氨解法生产甘氨酸所排放的工业废水首先运用多效真空蒸发兼热泵技术回收氯化铵,然后对蒸发过程中产生的二次蒸汽冷凝水采用一次吹脱-催化氧化-二次吹脱的工艺进行处理,可使废水中的各种污染物有效去除。通过实验确定了冷凝水处理过程中的吹脱及氧化的最佳工艺参数。     

制革含铬污水处理和铬酸气回收共用工艺方法的研究

用常规的碱沉淀法和冷凝吸附法处理制革含铬废水和回收铬酸需要两套设备。本文研究利用一套设备进行两个单项处理的共用工艺方法——碱沉淀加压过滤直接酸化法,处理回收Cr~(3+)液体及密闭真空冷凝吸附法净化回收Cr~(6+)气体(文中简称共用工艺方法)。共用工艺法具有投资省、见效快等特点。处理后Cr~(3+)可达1～3毫克/升,Cr~(6+)回收率达98％以上。年产铬鞣革30万张的制革厂投资6.5万元,比常规方法减少投资40％。     

治理酚醛树脂生产废水的试验

试验采用酚醛缩聚－二段生物氧化法处理酚醛树脂生产废水。经缩聚处理可以去除90％的挥发酚、70％－80％CODcr,回收树脂0．036－0．04t/t废水。生化段进水CODcr1400-3000mg／L,T25－28℃,微生物量2．5－3．0g／L,DO2．0－4．0mg／L,HRT≥23h,CODcr去除率≥95％、挥发酚去除率≥98％。在试验条件下,该工艺抗负荷冲击能力量,能稳定地去除废水中的CODcr和挥发酚。     

硫酸酸洗废水处理与回用工艺设计

通过对吉林某汽车标准配件厂的废水进行处理及回用研究,设计了该厂酸洗废水处理及回用工艺,工程建设投资86.0万元,运行费用331 400元/a,挽回资金流失1 463 550元/a,当年即可回收投资并创造可观的经济效益.通过加酸冷冻结晶法实现了酸洗废水中废酸回用的目的,并且有效地回收了FeSO4·7H2O,以进一步用于聚合铁等其他产品的生产,达到废物利用、生产用水零排放的目的.     

制革废水试验研究

采用预处理－混凝沉淀－滤组合工艺对制革废水经预处理后用硫亚铁酸洗废水经预处理后用硫酸亚铁酸洗废液作混凝剂是行之有效的,经此工艺处理后,ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＳＳ和色度去除率分别烽９１．７％,处理后废水水质达到排放标准且可回用于生产。在较低温度下,用硫酸亚铁作混产剂仍能较好地完成混宙淀,验证了硫权亚铁的低凝凝效果。此工艺具有很好的应用前景,尤其适合北方寒冷地区。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.