弹性系数在“绿色GDP”核算研究中的应用

本文总结了四川省在"中国环境经济核算体系总体框架"下"绿色GDP"核算结果的局限性,进而提出了"绿色弹性系数"的概念,并比较分析了2005~2007年四川省各地区的"绿色弹性系数",有效地反映了环境污染负荷的变化与社会经济的发展相互制约的关系以及发展趋势和规律。     

典型区耕地变化与GDP值变化的脱钩研究

研究目的：为了深入分析耕地占用与GDP值增长之间的关系，研究不同区域之间耕地数量变化与GDP值变化的差异性与相似性，有利于平衡耕地占用与GDP值增长之间的矛盾，同时有利于“状态-压力-响应”体系的研究。研究方法：主要是应用脱钩理论，引入了脱钩指数来分析不同区域各时点耕地数量变化与GDP值变化之间的关系，同时运用相关分析与回归分析的方法，确立了不同研究区耕地数量与社会经济指标之间的相关性，建立了耕地面积与GDP值的回归曲线。研究结论：耕地数量的变化与GDP值之间的关系因地域差异而表现不同，但是也存在一些相似点，即各个区域相对脱钩与绝对脱钩的年份基本一样；此外脱钩理论有利于进一步深化土地利用的研究。     

Modified GDP Through Health Cost Analysis of Air Pollution: The Case of Turkey

10 and SO₂ levels to the WHO guideline would have resulted in a total of 48.309 × 10¹⁰ and 153.38 × 10¹⁰ Turkish lira savings in 1990 and 1993, respectively. These correspond to 0.12% and 0.08% of 1990 and 1993 GDPs, respectively.     

南京市房地产投资与GDP关系研究

以Eviews5.0为平台,运用计量经济模型对南京市GDP增长与房地产投资之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,在短期内两者之间仅存在单向的因果关系,即南京市GDP增长是拉动房地产投资增长的原因,而房地产投资增长对GDP增长的影响并不显著;GDP增长波动对房地产波动具有即时的正影响。     

Climate change in Asia: issues and policy options

This article provides a brief review of some of the policy issues facing the Asian region with respect to climate change and its economic consequences. The environmental consequences of Asia's economic rise threaten the future growth of the region. Despite recent economic expansion, Asia will be one of the areas of the world most vulnerable to climate change. While Asia currently contributes moderately to greenhouse gas emissions, the potential for increases in emissions is significant. National and regional policy options, including abatement and adaptation, are examined as strategies for tackling the likely effects of climate change. This study recommends that national initiatives that have no 'regrets' properties be a priority area for further research so that they can be implemented as soon as possible. It is envisaged that in the short to medium term, identifiable no regrets policies can be a useful tool for reducing emissions and vulnerability to climate change in developing regions such as Asia.     

成都市基地蔬菜品种结构、供求指数及上市期气候分析

根据成都市1991～2000年基地蔬菜历年上市量与同期气象资料进行统计分析表明,如人均日占有量250g,全年供应均衡;如人均日供应量400g,则全年缺菜13.3万t,其中3～4月、9～10月为淡季,且上市期主要集中在5～9月.本研究为成都市蔬菜品种、产业结构调整决策提供依据.     

Changes in negative air ions concentration under different light intensities and development of a model to relate light intensity to directional change

The purpose of this research was to determine changes in negative air ion (NAI) concentrations produced by plants grown under different light intensities. NAI concentrations were observed and analyzed in an outdoor green space with five plant species (Aloe arborescens, Clivia miniata, Chlorophytum comosum, Opuntia brunnescens, Crassula portulacea) and A. arborescens was then grown under controlled-light conditions in an enclosed space for the subsequent light intensity experiment.     

Economic performance and carbon intensity of human well-being: empirical evidence from the MENA region

Our paper explores the effect of economic performance variables on the carbon intensity of human well-being (CIWB) for 13 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region over the period (1995–2013). We use a time-series cross-sectional Prais–Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSEs). We find that economic performance has a statistically significant positive influence on CIWB over the period in question; thus, economic performance harms the environment, but the final effect deviates to a constant level after a while. This finding is not encouraging from the economic sustainability point of view. On the contrary, we find that total health expenditure has a statistically significant negative impact on CIWB by increasing life expectancy, which means less stress on the environment.     

Energy and carbon dioxide intensity of Thailand's steel industry and greenhouse gas emission projection toward the year 2050

The purpose of this article is to study the energy and carbon dioxide intensities of Thailand's steel industry and to propose greenhouse gas emission trends from the year 2011 to 2050 under plausible scenarios. The amount of CO₂ emission from iron and steel production was calculated using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines in the boundary of production process (gate to gate). The results showed that energy intensity of semi-finished steel product was 2.84 GJ/t semi-finished steel and CO₂ intensity was 0.37 tCO_2eq/t semi-finished steel. Energy intensity of steel finishing process was 1.86 GJ/t finished steel and CO₂ intensity was 0.16 tCO_2eq/t finished steel. Using three plausible scenarios from Thailand's steel industry, S1: without integrated steel plant (baseline scenario), S2: with a traditional integrated BF–BOF route and S3: with an alternative integrated DR-EAF route; the Greenhouse Gas emissions from the year 2011 to 2050 were projected. In 2050, the CO₂ emission from S1 (baseline scenario) was 4.84 million tonnes, S2 was 21.96 million tonnes increasing 4.54 times from baseline scenario. The CO₂ emission from S3 was 7.12 million tonnes increasing 1.47 times from baseline scenario.     

Trends and issues in land and water resources management: Setting the agenda for change

The classical model of a paradigm shift is used to explore changes that are occurring in public lands and water resources management. Recent policy developments suggest that the traditional paradigm, which is characterized by sustained yield, is in the process of being invalidated. While no new paradigm has been fully accepted, the emerging paradigm does appear to be based on two principles: ecosystem management and collaborative decision making. Implementation of these two principles is likely to require extensive revision of traditional management practices and institutions. Failure to address these issues could result in adoption of the rhetoric of change without any lasting shift in management practices or professional attitudes.     

The effects of environmental change on individuals and groups: Some neglected issues in stress research

Homeostatic models of the effects of environmental change often entail certain assumptions that may not be warranted. It is widely assumed that the effects of negative environmental change or stress are necessarily adverse and have relatively short-term effects. It is further assumed that these effects are linear, that is, the greater the stress, the more negative the outcome. In contrast, from an ecological and developmental perspective, environmental change is seen as having possible paradoxical (i.e., positive) outcomes as well, depending upon the type and timing of the outcome assessed, and situational and individual factors. Non-linear models are reviewed for their applicability to a broader conceptualization of environmental change. This approach includes both multiple determinants and outcomes of stress, and is sensitive to ecological and developmental concerns, such as the timing and context of the stressor and possible long-term outcomes.     

Mining and sustainable development: considerations for minerals supply

Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of human societies while maintaining viable biological and physical Earth systems. The needs include minerals: metals, fuels, industrial and construction materials. There will continue to be considerable demand for virgin mineral resources, even if levels of recycling and efficiency of use are optimal, and rates of population growth and globalisation decrease significantly. This article aims to stimulate debate on strategic issues for minerals supply. While the world has considerable stocks of mineral resources overall, international considerations of the environmental and social aspects of sustainable development are beginning to result in limitations on where mining will be conducted and what types of deposits will be mined. Current and emerging trends favour large mines in parts of the world where mining can be conducted within acceptable limits of environmental and social impact. Finding new deposits that meet such criteria will be all the more challenging given a disturbing global decline in the rate of discovery of major economic resources over the last decade, and the decreasing land area available for exploration and mining.
To attract responsible exploration and mining, governments of mining nations will need to provide: regional-scale geo-scientific datasets as required to attract and guide future generations of exploration; resource access through multiple and sequential land use regimes, and frameworks for dealing with indigenous peoples' issues; and arrangements for consideration of mining proposals and regulation of mines that ensure responsible management of environmental and social issues.
The minerals industry will need to continue to pursue advances in technologies for exploration, mining, processing, waste management and rehabilitation, and in public reporting of environmental and social performance.     

Pollen dispersal and intensity as criteria for the minimum viable population and species reserves

In small populations the lack of mating individuals may cause a reduction in reproductive potential which can restrict population expansion or cause further population declines. This is especially true in outcrossing monoecious and self-incompatible dioecious plant species. Principles of pollen dispersal suggest that many small to medium size population reserves of round shape will maximize the pollen interaction within and between island reserves. Diverse and low-density ecosystems require more total area in reserves than low-diversity and high-density ecosystems.     

张家界旅游商品市场供需分析及其对策——基于1100份游客问卷调查

我国拥有丰富的自然和文化旅游资源,旅游产业发展迅速,但旅游购物却是旅游产业链中的“短腿”,旅游商品收入占旅游总收入的比重长期徘徊在20％左右,低于国际平均水平30％,比旅游业发达国家低20％-40％。且我国旅游商品辗转于“零团费”与“纯玩团”的困局,其前景堪忧。从游客对旅游商品需求调查人手,以张家界为样本,分析旅游商品供需中存在的主要问题及症结所在,以探求促进旅游商品产业发展的对策措施。     

价值共创视角下非遗研学旅行产品开发研究--基于需求侧的调研

以非遗研学旅行产品为例,需求侧在产品开发中的缺位是造成产品问题的重要原因,可运用价值共创理论指导产品开发。根据调查问卷结果及分析,基于对实际决策人--学生家长的产品选择偏好、考虑因素、价值感知、购买意向与满意度4个维度的分析,提出优化非遗研学产品开发的4个方面建议:政府营造研学氛围,加强制度保障;学校开展非遗教育,发挥桥梁作用;供方考虑市场需求,强化产品内涵;供需两侧共建价值共创平台。     

Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States1

Abstract: Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation ? evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.     

汽车内饰材料老化试验研究

本文介绍了汽车内饰材料常见的老化试验方法:人工加速老化试验、IP/DP箱暴晒和整车暴晒,分别讨论三种试验方法涉及的规范以及操作性.人工加速老化试验能快速掌握汽车内饰材料老化性能,缩短材料研发周期;IP/DP箱和整车对内饰件或其装配件进行的老化试验降低内饰材料加工工艺存在的风险,确保了内饰材料质量.整车暴晒收集的数据为人...     

"十五"期间重庆市区城市用地供需状况

随着经济发展的加速,重庆市的城市化进程明显加快,城市用地的供需矛盾日渐凸显.从影响城市用地的几个因素出发,分析了重庆市区城市用地供需状况.综合评价的结果表明,耕地是重庆市区城市用地的重要供给来源,2001～2005年间重庆市区城市用地短缺约57km2.     

Impact of forest policies on timber production in India: a review

Until the 20th century, forest policies across the globe focused primarily on effective forest utilization for timber production. Subsequent loss of forest land prompted many countries to review and amend such policies, in an attempt to incorporate the principles of conservation and sustainable forest management. One of the countries to implement such changes was India, which introduced new policies, acts and programmes to regulate forest conversion and degradation, beginning in the 1980s. These policies, acts, and programmes included the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, the National Forest Policy of 1988 and the Hon. Supreme Court Order of 1996. All of these regulations affected the timber supply from government forest areas, and created a huge gap in timber supply and demand. Currently, this deficit is met through imports and trees outside forests (TOFs). Timber production from government forest areas is abysmally low (3.35% of total demand) compared to potential timber production from TOFs, which fulfil 45% of the total timber demand in India. This implies that TOFs have immense potential in meeting the growing timber demand; however, they have not been fully utilized due to discrepancies in state level TOFs’ policies. The present paper provides a review of different forest policies, acts and guidelines in relation to timber production in India, and provides specific recommendations in order to maximize timber production in the context of increasing demand for timber products.     

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin,Northern China1

Ji, Yuhe, Liding Chen, and Ranhao Sun, 2012. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 999‐1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00671.x Abstract: Water resources are becoming increasingly stressed under the influence of climate change and population growth in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Assessing the temporal and spatial variability of water supply stress is urgently needed to mitigate water crisis caused by water resource reallocation. Water supply and use data were compiled for the time period of 1998‐2003 in this synthesis study. The Water Supply Stress Index (WSSI) as defined as Water Demand/Water Supply was used to quantitate whether water supply could meet the demand of human activities across the study region. We found a large spatial gradient of water supply stress in the study region, being much higher in the eastern subbasins (ranging from 2.56 to 4.31) than the west subbasins (ranging from 0.56 to 1.92). The eastern plain region not only suffered more serious water supply stress but also had a much higher interannual variability than the western hilly region. The uneven spatial distribution of water supply stress might result from the distribution of land use, population, and climate. Future climate change and rapid economic development are likely to aggravate the existing water crisis in the study region.