火灾中闭式喷头响应时间的概率分布特性研究

喷淋系统中闭式喷头响应时间受火灾增长因子、径向安装距离和喷头响应时间指数等因素的影响。通过对喷头响应时间的模拟数据的统计分析,建立了包含火灾增长因子、径向距离和喷头响应时间指数等参数的喷头响应时间模型。考虑火灾增长因子和径向距离的随机性,获得了喷头响应时间的概率分布特性。研究结果表明,径向距离和火灾增长因子对喷头响应时间的分布特性影响显著。随着火灾增长因子的增大和径向距离的缩小,喷头在较短时间内响应的概率增大。随着径向距离的缩小,喷头响应时间指数对喷头响应时间分布的影响变小。研究可为优化喷头布置和评估喷头响应的有效性提供分析工具。     

热敏性能对洒水喷头控火效能影响的试验研究

为研究热敏性能对洒水喷头的动作性能、控火效能以及对建筑空间的保护性能的影响,在安装高度分别为3 m和8 m的情况下,采用快速响应喷头和特殊响应喷头进行4次足尺实体火试验。喷头公称动作温度均为68℃,响应时间指数(RTI)分别为35(m.s)1/2和65(m.s)1/2。试验结果表明,各种试验条件下,洒水喷头均能及时动作,且喷头动作后均能提供足够的消防保护,并有效将火势控制在限定区域内。采用快速响应喷头较特殊响应喷头约提前20%动作,且火场环境最高温度、顶板结构最高温度、热释放速率和货物烧损率均较特殊响应喷头低。安装高度越高,热敏性能对洒水喷头控火效能的影响越明显。     

环境温度对粉尘爆炸参数的影响

研究了环境温度对萘酐(C10H6O2)粉尘爆炸参数的影响,得到了随着温度的升高,最大爆炸压力峰值变化不大;而最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸下限浓度降低,安全氧含量也会降低.根据化学动力学理论对这一影响进行了分析.     

喷头间距对城市隧道细水雾灭火的影响研究

为合理设置城市交通隧道细水雾自动灭火系统喷头间距,在实体隧道中进行了4种不同喷头间距的细水雾灭火实验,利用FDS软件模拟了8种喷头间距下细水雾对火灾温度、烟气密度的影响情况。研究结果表明:实验数据与模拟数据基本吻合;细水雾对隧道火灾抑制效果明显;喷头间距对火灾影响规律可划分为2个区域,对于Ⅰ区（间距<2.5 m）,单位体积细水雾质量是影响细水雾灭火的最主要因素,对于Ⅱ区（间距≥2.5 m）,细水雾灭火效果受单位体积细水雾质量、动量综合影响,并分别给出了温度、烟气密度与喷头间距的函数关系式;就宽6 m、高5 m的城市隧道而言,细水雾喷头间距宜设置为2.5 m。     

环境温度对车用压缩天然气瓶火烧试验的影响

环境温度是研究车用压缩天然气瓶火烧试验机理的一个重要因素,因此有必要定量的研究环境温度对火烧试验的影响。在已有火烧试验数据的基础上,分析了环境温度对车用压缩天然气瓶火烧试验安全泄放压力和火烧持续时间两个关键指标的影响,结果表明安全泄放压力、火烧持续时间和环境温度均呈反比关系。     

不同类型喷头灭火有效性研究

通过实验研究了不同类型喷头对灭木垛火的影响。实验采用了ZSTX和ZSTP两种类型喷头,在不同的水压力下灭木垛火,通过实验现场观测和测得的烟气温度,烟气组分变化来分析对比灭火的效果和对烟气的影响。通过对比分析实验数据,可知ZSTX喷头在0.2MPa的水压力下可以实现灭火,ZSTP喷头在0.4MPa才可以实现灭火。喷淋实现灭火时产生的CO比只能实现控火产生的CO少。     

家用喷头洒水分布性能试验研究

为研究家用喷头的洒水分布性能,在喷头安装高度为3.0m,安装间距分别为3.0m和3.5m的情况下,选用4种不同的供水流量,分别采用流量系数为K-70和K-98的家用喷头,以及流量系数为K-80的标准喷头进行了18次洒水分布性能对比试验.结果表明,在相同的供水流量下,喷头洒水分布均匀性和集水率只与安装间距有关,与工作压力无线性关系.喷头间距增大,家用喷头的洒水分布均匀性变差,但相差不大;而标准喷头的洒水分布均匀性变好.但无论何种安装间距,家用喷头的洒水分布均匀性均优于标准喷头.喷头间距越大,集水率越高,但由于有湿墙性能要求,家用喷头的集水率低于标准喷头.     

闭式细水雾喷头参数对启动时间及控温效果影响研究

为研究闭式细水雾喷头的公称动作温度、流量系数2个参数对喷头的启动时间及控温效果的影响,选取9种2参数不同的闭式细水雾喷头进行房间火试验,并记录下喷头启动时间与引燃物正上方烟气温度,分析不同的参数对喷头启动时间及控温效果的影响。试验结果表明:闭式细水雾喷头的公称动作温度与流量系数均对房间的控温效果有影响;闭式细水雾喷头的公称动作温度与喷头启动时间有明显关联性,流量系数对启动时间无明显影响。选择公称动作温度、流量系数合理的喷头对控温灭火和防止火灾蔓延有重要意义。     

高架仓库内喷头热响应性能研究

基于喷头热响应性理论的研究成果,主要研究了在给定响应时间指数和喷头动作温度的务件下,高架仓库所用快速响应早期抑制喷头(ESFR)的热响应性能,并结合案例,对高架仓库内喷头热响应性能的主要影响因素进行了定量分析,得出喷头热响应性能与环境温度和火源功率之间的关系。研究结果可为高架仓库自动喷水灭火系统的设计和评估提供一定的参考。     

基于全尺寸火灾试验的家用喷头灭火性能研究

为研究家用喷头的灭火性能和喷头动作后对室内环境的影响,分析了住宅设置自动喷水灭火系统的必要性,并以沙发作为点火源,在相同的喷水强度下开展了不同类型家用喷头和标准喷头的灭火性能对比试验。试验结果表明,采用家用喷头和标准喷头均能有效控火,但下垂型喷头的动作时间要早于边墙型喷头。在室内环境条件变化方面,采用家用喷头时较标准喷头在CO浓度方面减少较为明显,约减少59%;在O2浓度变化方面较采用标准喷头提高了0.6%,采用家用喷头较标准喷头能为人员疏散提供更好的环境。     

A mathematical model on adjacent smoke filling involved sprinkler cooling to a smoke layer

Conventional two-zone model determines the smoke filling time in buildings without considering the cooling effect of sprinkler spray on the smoke layer. However, many buildings have been required to install the sprinkler systems by fire codes. So, the conventional zone model was not able to accurately predict the development of smoke layer height in a sprinklers involved fire. In order to improve the prediction, the current zone model is revised with a new mathematical model developed by taking the sprinkler cooling effect into account. The heat transfer between smoke layer and sprinklers spray was mathematically calculated. By using the mathematical model, the smoke filling time in an adjacent space under the sprinkler cooling effect are calculated. A set of experiments were carried out to validate the model. The smoke layer height was experimentally measured. Results show that the model predictions agree well with the experimental results. The smoke filling becomes slower due to the reduced volumetric smoke flow under sprinkler cooling. The variation of sprinkler operating pressure has little influence on the smoke filling since the cooling gets less effective as the operating pressure increases.     

低温硫铁化合物氧化诱导期试验研究

以设备腐蚀样品和均相沉淀样品为研究对象,运用差示扫描量热法测定硫铁化合物的氧化诱导期,并考察了粒径、升温速率和空气流量对硫铁化合物氧化诱导期的影响。结果表明,两种样品在125~200℃范围内均处于活跃的自热阶段,热稳定性较差,样品粒径在44~74μm范围内,升温速率越小,空气流量越大,样品自燃倾向性越高。     

On the response of 500 gal propane tanks to a 25% engulfing fire

This paper presents detailed data on the thermal response of two 500 gal ASME code propane tanks that were 25% engulfed in a hydrocarbon fire. These tests were done as part of an overall test programme to study thermal protection systems for propane-filled railway tank-cars.

The fire was generated using an array of 25 liquid propane-fuelled burners. This provided a luminous fire that engulfed 25% of the tank surface on one side. The intent of these tests was to model a severe partially engulfing fire situation.

The paper presents data on the tank wall and lading temperatures and tank internal pressure. In the first test the wind reduced the fire heating and resulted in a late failure of the tank at 46 min. This tank failed catastrophically with a powerful boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). In the other test, the fire heating was very severe and steady and this tank failed very quickly in 8 min as a finite rupture with massive two-phase jet release. The reasons for these different outcomes are discussed. The different failures provide a range of realistic outcomes for the subject tank and fire condition.     

喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响

基于经典羽流模型,通过全尺寸试验测量大空间喷头上方羽流中心线不同高度处的温度和速度,分析羽流中心线温度和速度的变化规律,并与经典羽流模型做比较,得出喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响。结果表明:喷淋启动前,羽流温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势与经典羽流模型基本一致;喷淋启动后,各高度处温度显著降低,速度显著减小,温度随时间的变化趋势与喷淋压力有关,且温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势发生明显改变。     

The effect of muscle activation on neck response

Prevention of neck injuries due to complex loading, such as occurs in traffic accidents, requires knowledge of neck injury mechanisms and tolerances. The influence of muscle activation on outcome of the injuries is not clearly understood. Numerical simulations of neck injury accidents can contribute to increase the understanding of injury tolerances. The finite element (FE) method is suitable because it gives data on stress and strain of individual tissues that can be used to predict injuries based on tissue level criteria.The aim of this study was to improve and validate an anatomically detailed FE model of the human cervical spine by implement neck musculature with passive and active material properties. Further, the effect of activation time and force on the stresses and strains in the cervical tissues were studied for dynamic loading due to frontal and lateral impacts.The FE model used includes the seven cervical vertebrae, the spinal ligaments, the facet joints with cartilage, the intervertebral disc, the skull base connected to a rigid head, and a spring element representation of the neck musculature. The passive muscle properties were defined with bilinear force-deformation curves and the active properties were defined using a material model based on the Hill equation. The FE model's responses were compared to volunteer experiments for frontal and lateral impacts of 15 and 7 g. Then, the active muscle properties where varied to study their effect on the motion of the skull, the stress level of the cortical and trabecular bone, and the strain of the ligaments.The FE model had a good correlation to the experimental motion corridors when the muscles activation was implemented. For the frontal impact a suitable peak muscle force was 40 N/cm2 whereas 20 N/cm2 was appropriate for the side impact. The stress levels in the cortical and trabecular bone were influenced by the point forces introduced by the muscle spring elements; therefore a more detailed model of muscle insertion would be preferable. The deformation of each spinal ligament was normalized with an appropriate failure deformation to predict soft tissue injury. For the frontal impact, the muscle activation turned out to mainly protect the upper cervical spine ligaments, while the musculature shielded all the ligaments disregarding spinal level for lateral impacts. It is concluded that the neck musculature does not have the same protective properties during different impacts loadings.     

水添加剂作用下自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控火性能的影响

为研究带添加剂（浓度1%）自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控灭火性能的影响,采用标准燃烧物组合替代实际场所中的可燃物品,按照高空间厂房的实际火灾场景,在喷头安装高度为18m的情况下开展了高空间厂房火灾的实体灭火试验。试验结果显示,自动喷水灭火系统在高净空场所下能及时动作,在添加灭火剂后,提高了水到达可燃物表面后的粘附能力,喷头开放数量少,能够明显控制火势的增长和蔓延。系统设计喷水强度和作用面积符合该场所的设计水平。     

水喷淋对热烟气冷却效应的模拟计算

分析了水喷淋液滴与热烟气传热传质的过程.采用场模拟方法对一系列假定的算例进行计算,探讨了水喷淋作用对热烟气的冷却效果.结果表明,水喷淋作用后烟气层的温度大大降低,烟气温度的变化受喷淋模式和喷头工作压力的影响.最后对水喷淋系统的设计给出了一些建议.     

二氧化硫烟气碱吸收液低温催化歧化的研究

为实现低浓度二氧化硫烟气处理过程中硫的资源化,提出了一种新型二氧化硫烟气净化技术,即二氧化硫碱吸收-低温催化制备硫黄和硫酸氢钠工艺.该工艺首先采用碱液直接吸收净化二氧化硫烟气,再通过低温催化碱吸收液获得含硫产品,实现了硫的资源化.首先通过热力学计算证明了碱吸收液中亚硫酸氢钠的歧化反应在低温条件(＜100℃)下发生的可行性.然后研究了反应物浓度对吸收过程和歧化反应过程的影响,结果表明,增加反应物浓度可加快歧化反应速率.此外,研究了硫黄产品的脱稳过程,结果表明,当脱稳加热时间为6h时,硫黄产率可达到95.97％,所得硫黄产品为纯度较高的单斜硫.该催化过程为固—液—固反应,兼具了多相反应与均相反应的优点.     

超高强度钻杆低温断裂性能及裂纹扩展特征研究

超高强度钻杆在冬季低温环境下容易发生脆性断裂事故,为了从断裂力学角度揭示其冷脆现象的本质,采用ZBC2302-D型示波冲击试验机,获得了不同温度下超高强度钢在冲击断裂过程中的力-位移曲线,并对比分析了冲击功、起裂功和裂纹扩展功之间的变化关系。采用国家标准GB 4161—2007中的计算公式,计算了冲击试样的裂纹扩展量Δa和阻抗应力强度因子K_R;同时,引入K_R阻力曲线,得到超高强度钻杆在不同温度下的剩余强度图。结果表明,当冲击试样开始出现裂纹时,随温度降低,钻杆的初始起裂应力有所增加,出现硬化现象。当钻杆出现一定长度的裂纹时,随温度降低,阻抗应力强度因子越来越小,而且降低速度越来越快,剩余强度也表现出相同的变化趋势。随温度降低,材料抵抗裂纹扩展的能力逐渐下降,表明钻杆在低温下更容易断裂。