黄精多糖乳膏治疗单纯疱疹性豚鼠阴道炎的疗效研究

三种浓度(0．5％，1．5％，5％)的黄精多糖乳膏能明显治疗单纯疱疹病毒性豚鼠阴道炎，用药组豚鼠的外阴病变积分值显著低于模型对照组，这三种浓度的黄精多糖乳膏能治疗单纯疱疹病毒引发的豚鼠外阴红肿、溃破等病变，并能降低患病豚鼠的死亡率，其中以1．5％浓度乳膏的疗效相对较好．各浓度试验组黄精多糖乳膏并能显著降低感染HSV—2 Sav strain病毒的豚鼠阴道分泌物中病毒的毒力．临床预试验表明，1．5％黄精多糖乳膏与3％无环鸟苷乳膏疗效相近．图1表3参19     

红花石蒜球茎凝集素的纯化及部分性质

石蒜科植物红花石蒜(Lycorisradiata)球茎经生理盐水浸取、硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose和SephacrylS-100分子筛层析得到石蒜凝集素(L. radiataagglutinin, LRA).经SDS-PAGE检测为单一蛋白带,亚基相对分子量Mr为12×103,SephacrylS-100凝胶过滤测定Mr约为45×103,表明LRA是由4个相同亚基组成的蛋白.LRA能凝集兔红细胞和大肠杆菌,最低凝集浓度分别为0. 95μg/mL和1. 9μg/mL;LRA还能凝集啤酒酵母细胞.糖抑制实验显示,甘露聚糖和甲状腺球蛋白能有效抑制LRA的凝血活性.促淋巴细胞有丝分裂试验结果表明,LRA对外周血淋巴细胞具有很强的促有丝分裂能力;同时,LRA能有效地降低II型人类单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-II)对Vero细胞(非洲绿猴肾细胞)的感染,ρ(IC50 ) =5~10μg/mL之间,并且在500μg/mL时对正常Vero细胞无细胞毒性. 图1表6参15     

川牛膝多糖硫酸酯的体外抗单纯疱疹病毒2型活性

从传统的川产道地中药材川牛膝中提取多糖RCP，用氯磺酸-吡啶法制备了它的硫酸酯衍生物s—RCP,产物经红外鉴定，证实RCP硫酸酯化后羟基部分被硫酸基取代，在1250cm^-1和810cm^-1处显示了硫酸基的特征吸收峰值,ω(S)=8．27％，取代度Ds=0．569．体外实验研究了RCP和S—RCP对非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero cell line)的细胞毒性和抗单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)的活性．细胞病变效应法(CPE)和MTT法结果表明RCP在6．0mg／mL以下，S-RCP在4．0mg／mL以下均无细胞毒性，RCP本身无抗病毒活性，经硫酸酯衍生后的S—RCP获得抗病毒活性，0．25—4．0mg／，mL的S—RCP能很好地抑制HSV-2引起的细胞病变,以0．5mg／mL的无环鸟苷(ACV)作为阳性对照，结果显示当S-RCP浓度为2．0mg／mL和4．0mg／mL时有显著的抗病毒作用，效果与阳性ACV相当．图1表8参20     

香叶醇联合柠檬醛体外抗MRSA的优化配比

通过体外抑菌实验研究香叶醇与柠檬醛联合使用抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的体外抑菌活性,并采用单纯形格子混料设计优化二者比例.采用微量稀释法测定香叶醇和柠檬醛对43株MRSA的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(Minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),采用棋盘法测定香叶醇和柠檬醛联合用药时的分级抑菌浓度(Fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC),采用单纯形格子设计优化香叶醇和柠檬醛联合用药时的比例,并采用微量稀释法对最佳配比混合液的抗MRSA活性进行测定.结果显示:香叶醇的MIC值为0.34-0.67 mg/mL,柠檬醛的MIC值为0.66-42.23 mg/mL.二者联合使用时,以协同作用为主,占46.51%;其次为相加作用,占41.86%.单纯形格子设计优化的香叶醇和柠檬醛联合使用的最佳比例为香叶醇84.50%、柠檬醛15.50%.采用此配比测定香叶醇和柠檬醛混合液对43株MRSA的MIC值,发现混合液MIC_(50)、MIC_(90)分别为0.25 mg/mL和0.44 mg/mL;与香叶醇单独使用相比,MIC_(50)和MIC_(90)分别约为单独使用时的1/2和2/3;与柠檬醛单独使用相比,MIC_(50)和MIC_(90)分别约为单独使用时的1/3和1/4.上述结果表明香叶醇与柠檬醛联合使用时可起到增敏的效果,且降低彼此的用量.(图2表5参31)     

铁皮石斛多酚和黄酮含量及与抗氧化活性的相关性

通过测试ABTS、DPPH和羟自由基的清除活性和还原能力,研究铁皮石斛不同极性提取物的体外抗氧化活性及其与多酚和黄酮含量的相关性.采用溶剂提取法制备4个不同极性铁皮石斛提取物(EE、CE、EAE、NBE),以Vc为阳性对照.结果显示,样品CE中总酚含量为40.96 mg/g,黄酮含量为104.48 mg/g,在各样品中含量最高.体外抗氧化实验显示,样品CE浓度为375μg/mL时对ABTS自由基的清除率达到100%,其IC50为88.82μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时对DPPH自由基的清除率达到78.45%,IC50为394.62μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时还原能力为62.29%,随浓度增大到3000μg/mL时还原能力达100%,其IC50为905.06μg/mL.相关性研究显示各提取物对ABTS、DPPH清除能力以及还原性与黄酮含量相关性较强,相关系数分别为0.845、0.902和0.994.而各提取物的还原能力及对羟自由基的清除能力与样品中的多酚含量明显相关,其相关系数为0.521.研究表明,铁皮石斛4个不同极性提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且各提取物抗氧化活性与总酚含量和总黄酮含量之间有明显的相关性,表明铁皮石斛抗氧化活性的物质基础可能就是酚类或黄酮类成分.     

4种中药单体对IncX4型质粒pSD11稳定性的影响

以携带多重耐药基因cfr的IncX4型质粒pSD11为试验材料，研究小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、姜黄素4种中药单体对耐药质粒稳定性的影响，为中药单体消除病原菌耐药性提供理论依据.通过测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及药物作用下携带质粒pSD11的大肠杆菌的生长曲线和生长动力学参数，分析中药单体的抑菌效果.结合实时荧光定量PCR(RTPCR)及平板计数研究药物对质粒稳定性的影响，同时检测胞外乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的含量分析中药单体对细胞壁、细胞膜的影响.结果显示，小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素对大肠杆菌MG1655/pSD11(Escherichia coli MG1655/pSD11)的MIC均为1 280μg/mL，姜黄素> 160μg/mL.4种中药单体对E. coli MG1655/pSD11具有一定的抑菌效果，生长动力学参数结果表明1/2 MIC小檗碱和黄芩苷显著延长E. coli MG1655/pSD11的滞后期；1/2 MIC姜黄素和1/2、1/4MIC芦荟大黄素极显著降低E. coli MG1655/pSD11的最大生长速率、延长时代时间.经1/2和1/4 MIC的小檗碱和黄...     

水中主要阳离子对铜绿微囊藻生长及多糖的影响

通过室内培养试验,在65μmol·m-2·s-1光照度和12 h∶12 h光暗比下,模拟野外水体中铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的生长,研究了水中主要阳离子Ca、Mg、K、Na质量浓度的变化对铜绿微囊藻生长以及多糖的影响。依据自然水体中Ca、Mg、K、Na的实际浓度水平结合已有研究得到的抑制浓度,试验分别设定了5个质量浓度梯度的培养基,其中Ca质量浓度梯度为0、10、20、50、100 mg·L-1,Mg质量浓度梯度为0、2、5、10、20 mg·L-1,K质量浓度梯度为5、10、20、50、100 mg·L-1,Na质量浓度梯度为18、30、50、100、200 mg·L-1。试验测定的生理生化指标包括培养周期内每天铜绿微囊藻的藻细胞密度和对数生长期内铜绿微囊藻溶解性胞外多糖（sEPS）、固着性胞外多糖（bEPS）和胞内多糖（IPS）的含量。试验结果表明：低质量浓度的Ca对微囊藻的生长没有明显影响,高质量浓度的Ca（〉50 mg·L-1）会抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长但同时铜绿微囊藻合成多糖总量（TPS）会增加,Ca质量浓度的增大对铜绿微囊藻胞外多糖的分泌呈现先促进后抑制的趋势,并在刺激铜绿微囊藻细胞分泌多糖的同时会促进其溶解。Mg缺失时,铜绿微囊藻的生长会受到显著的抑制,较高质量浓度的Mg（〉5 mg·L-1）也会抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长但同时铜绿微囊藻合成多糖总量（TPS）会增加,Mg在适宜质量浓度（5 mg·L-1）会抑制多糖分泌、防止多糖溶解。K离子质量浓度的变化对微囊藻的生长无明显影响但铜绿微囊藻TPS的量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,K对多糖的分泌并没有显著影响,但对多糖的溶解呈现先促进后抑制的作用。Na离子质量浓度的变化对铜绿微囊藻的生长以及合成TPS的量均无明显影响,Na质量浓度增大对多糖的分泌的影响与Ca的一致,但影响的程度明显小于Ca的影响,其质量浓度的增加对多糖的溶解过程有轻微的促进作用。     

齐墩果酸对卵巢癌细胞IGROV1和乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231生长的抑制作用

通过细胞增殖抑制实验、MTT法检测肿瘤细胞的活性,研究了齐墩果酸(OA)对卵巢癌细胞株IGROV1和人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231的抑制作用.结果显示,齐墩果酸可降低IGROV1和MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖能力并呈剂量依赖性,半数有效抑制浓度IC50分别为36.58μg/mL和38.8μg/mL(P0.01).表明齐墩果酸对这两株恶性肿瘤细胞具有抑制活性,且对IGROV1的抑制活性高于对MDA-MB-231的抑制活性.图2表4参15     

Vero细胞对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的毒性响应特征和敏感性分析

以2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,TCP)为例,采用MTT比色实验和ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI双染色-流式细胞技术研究了Vero细胞对有机化学污染物的毒性响应特征和敏感性,以期发现一种灵敏、可靠的表征微量化学物质综合毒性的方法.研究结果表明:1)TCP浓度对Vero细胞的毒性响应特征有决定作用.低浓度TCP(≤0.5mg·L-1)即可使部分细胞从原有的刚性不规则三角形结构变为圆形或椭圆形,但细胞的生长未受明显抑制.TCP浓度在1~5mg·L-1时,细胞生长开始受到抑制,表现为细胞增殖受到抑制及部分细胞凋亡或死亡,但增殖抑制率和TCP浓度之间的关系不明显.当TCP浓度大于5mg·L-1时,细胞增殖明显受到抑制,且随TCP浓度的增加,细胞增殖抑制率逐渐升高.2)TCP作用时间对Vero细胞的毒性响应特征有显著影响.ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI双染色-流式细胞仪检测结果表明,TCP作用24h内Vero细胞毒性表现为以细胞膜的完整性受到损伤为主,凋亡或坏死细胞比例较小;而48h后,凋亡细胞的比例明显增加.细胞复壮实验结果进一步证实24h内形态发生变化的细胞并未完全坏死或凋亡.以上结果表明细胞形态变化和细胞膜损伤均为细胞毒性的早期表现特征,两者之间可能存在某种相关性,以此表征化学污染物的生物毒性具有较高的灵敏度,值得进一步研究.     

中药三黄汤、小檗碱对E.coli生长抑制作用与庆大霉素的比较

庆大霉素对E．coli的抑菌作用强，试管稀释法、琼脂稀释法和平板抑菌圈法抑菌试验得到一致的MIC(3-5μg／mL)；三黄汤、小檗碱抑菌作用弱而稳定，试管稀释法测得的MIC分别为500mg／mL和2．5mg/mL，而用平板抑菌圈法得不到明显的抑菌圈．在亚MIC药物液体分批培养时，庆大霉素抑菌曲线起初2h迅速下降，而后回升到初始浓度，而三黄汤抑菌曲线平缓稳定，说明中药和抗生素的抑菌机制明显不同．庆大霉素与小檗碱混合使用时，与庆大霉素单独使用相近，而与三黄混合使用时，则主要表现三黄汤的抑菌作用．因此中西药结合时需要慎用．在接近MIC药物培养基中连续传代20次后，庆大霉素MIC提高8倍多，而三黄汤和小檗碱MIC无显著变化，无抗药性产生，也不产生对庆大霉素的交叉抗药性．研究结果还表明，在1／4MIC三黄汤中连续传代20次，能消除E.coli已形成的庆大霉素抗性，这为解决抗生素抗药性提供了线索．图4参23     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).