纳米氧化锌致大型溞的毒性效应特征

采用半静态暴露的方法,以大型溞的死亡率、显微结构损伤、蜕皮率、游泳行为等作为毒性测试终点,研究不同浓度纳米氧化锌(ZnONP)对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的毒性效应.结果显示,ZnONP水溶液稳定性差,在溶液中沉降率随着浓度增大而增大,Zeta电位降低.ZnONP对大型溞处理48 h的半数致死浓度LC_(50)为3 mg·L~(-1),ZnONP致大型溞的死亡率呈现一定的时间-效应关系;ZnONP暴露会使大型溞肠道和体表损伤.经显微结构观察发现,ZnONP可粘附在大型溞体表面,并引起大型溞游泳的垂直高度升高,大型溞蜕皮时间延迟,成功蜕皮率降低.结果表明ZnONP对大型溞个体和行为产生一定的毒性效应,其毒性效应的机理与其颗粒物对大型溞肠道和体表粘附有直接的关系,研究结果对合理地评价纳米材料对水生生物的影响有一定的理论参考价值.     

芦苇抑藻化感物质的分离及其抑制蛋白核小球藻效果研究

采用乙醇提取、溶剂萃取法从芦苇中分离出2组能抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质. 该2组化感物质对蛋白核小球藻的半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.68mg/L和2.65mg/L. 将前者用碱性氧化铝层析柱分离得到一组抑藻活性更强的化感物质和一组能够促进蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质: 前者对蛋白核小球藻的EC₅₀为0.50mg/L, 是目前报道的抑藻能力最强的化感物质; 后者在浓度为0.63mg/L时能显著促进蛋白核小球藻的生长. 芦苇化感物质可以用来控制淡水中有害藻类.     

Growth response and toxic effects of three antibiotics on Selenastrum capricornutum evaluated by photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll biosynthesis

The effects of three types of antibiotics (erythromycin,ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) on the photosynthesis of freshwater algae,Selenastrum capricornutum Printz,were investigated by determining the growth rate,chloroplast pigments content,seven main precursors (including δ-aminolevulinic acid,porphobilinogen,uroporphyrinogen III,coproporphyrinogen III,protoporphyrin IX,Mg-proporphyrin IX and protochlorophyllide),and photosynthetic rate during chlorophyll biosynthesis.The antibiotics significantly decr...     

海水中原油对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)的急性毒性效应及其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

近年来海洋溢油事故频发,增加了溢油污染对海洋生物及海洋生态系统的暴露风险.为阐明海洋溢油事故对海洋生物的毒性效应,以双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）为受试生物,研究了不同质量浓度的海水原油溶液对双齿围沙蚕的急性毒性效应及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:双齿围沙蚕的死亡率与海水中原油暴露浓度呈正相关,暴露24、48及72 h的LC₅₀（半致死浓度）分别为13.08、9.80和8.37 g/L;暴露72 h后,双齿围沙蚕组织液中MDA（丙二醛）的含量均高于对照组,其中1.0 g/L暴露组显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且随暴露浓度的增大而升高;GST（谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶）的活性被显著诱导,且随暴露浓度的增大而升高;0.1 g/L原油暴露下,CAT（过氧化氢酶）和SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）的活性被显著诱导,当暴露浓度达到0.5 g/L时,CAT的诱导程度减弱,而SOD则受到抑制.研究显示,海水中的原油对双齿围沙蚕具有显著急性毒性效应,且0.1 g/L的原油暴露即可导致双齿围沙蚕产生脂质过氧化,脂质过氧化程度随暴露浓度的升高而增强;0.1 g/L原油暴露能显著诱导双齿围沙蚕体内抗氧化酶的活性,且随着海水中原油暴露浓度的增加,GST的诱导程度增强,CAT的诱导程度减弱,SOD的活性则受到抑制.      

稀有鮈鲫在鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验中的适用性研究

为了验证我国本土鱼种稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）在鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验的适用性，评价其在鱼类替代试验中的应用潜力，选取3，4-二氯苯胺和五水硫酸铜，按照《OECD化学品测试准则No.236鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验》，分别开展6次稀有鮈鲫胚胎急性毒性试验，通过评价试验结果的重复性，验证稀有鮈鲫是否适用于鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验.结果表明:3，4-二氯苯胺和五水硫酸铜对稀有鮈鲫胚胎的96 h LC₅₀（96 h半数致死浓度）平均值（x）分别为12.8和1.76 mg/L，标准差（s）分别为1.70和0.197 mg/L；变异系数（CV）分别为13.3%和11.2%，均小于30%；两种化学品6次试验的96 h LC₅₀均在各自x±2s范围内.研究显示，稀有鮈鲫胚胎的形态特征、发育过程及孵化时间等生物学特征均与斑马鱼类似，3，4-二氯苯胺和五水硫酸铜这两种化学品的胚胎急性毒性试验结果具有良好的重复性，其敏感性也与成鱼类似.因此，稀有鮈鲫作为一种我国本土的标准试验鱼种，具有鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验的应用潜力.      

酵母Candida krusei对合成染料的脱色

通过筛选实验,从土壤中新分离到1株对活性艳红K-2BP具有明显脱色效果的酵母菌株Y-G-1,经鉴定为克鲁斯假丝酵母Candida krusei.该菌株对含活性艳红K-2BP起始浓度为200mg/L的培养基,最大脱色率为99%,达到最大脱色率的时间是12h.克鲁斯假丝酵母的最佳接种量应不低于5%(体积分数),培养基最适pH在4～9之间,氮源(NH₄)₂SO₄浓度不低于0.1%,相对应的碳源葡萄糖浓度不低于0.5%.对脱色机理的研究表明,该菌株对活性艳红K-2BP的去除属于降解脱色.此外,该菌株对另外9种染料(50mg/L)的脱色率在62%～96%之间.其中,对偶氮染料弱酸艳红B、活性黑KN-B和活性红M-3BE的脱色率都达到了90%以上,对三苯甲烷染料(酸性媒介漂蓝B)的脱色率达到了93%.表明克鲁斯假丝酵母在染料废水的处理上可能具有较好地应用潜能.     

Accumulation and elimination of iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon chronic aqueous exposure

A 52-day continuous semi-static waterborne exposure (test media renewed daily) regimen was employed to investigate the accumulation and elimination profiles of two iron oxide nanomaterials (nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish were exposed to nanomaterial suspensions with initial concentrations of 4.0 and 10.0 mg/L for 28 days and then were moved to clean water for 24 days to perform the elimination experiment. Fe content was measured in fish body and feces to provide data on accumulation and elimination of the two iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish. The experiment revealed that: (1) high accumulation of nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄ were found in zebrafish, with maximum Fe contents, respectively, of 1.32 and 1.25 mg/g for 4.0 mg/L treatment groups and 1.15 and 0.90 mg/g for 10.0 mg/L treatment groups; (2) accumulated nanoparticles in zebrafish can be eliminated efficiently (the decrease of body burden of Fe conforms to a first-order decay equation) when fish were moved to nanoparticle-free water, and the elimination rates ranged from 86% to 100% by 24 days post-exposure; and (3) according to analysis of Fe content in fish excrement in the elimination phase, iron oxide nanomaterials may be adsorbed via the gastrointestinal tract, and stored for more than 12 days.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

Remediation of nutrient-rich waters using the terrestrial plant, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Effective control of eutrophication is generally established through the reduction of nutrient loading into waterways and water bodies. An economically viable and ecologically sustainable approach to nutrient pollution control could involve the integration of retention ponds, wetlands and greenways into water management systems. Plants not only play an invaluable role in the assimilation and removal of nutrients, but they also support fauna richness and can be aesthetically pleasing. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical terrestrial plant, was found to establish well in hydrophytic conditions and was highly effective in remediating high nutrient levels in an aquatic environment showing 100% removal of NO~-N up to 200 mg/L in 14 days. Phosphate uptake by the plant was less efficient with 64% of the PO4-P removed at the maximum concentration of 100 mg/L at the end of 6 weeks. With its high NO~-N and PO43--P removal efficiency, P. amaryllifolius depleted the nutrient-rich media and markedly contained the natural colonization of algae. The impediment of algal growth led to improvements in the water quality with significant decreases in turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. In addition, the plants did not show stress symptoms when grown in high nutrient levels as shown by the changes in their biomass, total soluble proteins and chlorophyll accumulation as well as photochemical efficiency. Thus, P. amaryUifolius is a potential candidate for the mitigation of nutrient pollution in phytoremediation systems in the tropics as the plant requires low maintenance, is tolerant to the natural variability of weather conditions and fluctuating hydro-periods, and exhibit good nutrient removal capabilities.     

Assembly of SPS/MgSi assisted by dopamine with excellent removal performance for ciprofloxacin

In this work, magnesium silicate-based sulfonated polystyrene sphere composites (SPS/MgSi) were synthesized by one-step (SMD1) and two-step (SMD2) methods. For SMD1, MgSi particles were densely assembled on the surface of SPS, assisted by complexation between Fe³⁺ and hydroxyl phenol. For SMD2, SPS/SiO₂ was firstly obtained by the same method as SMD1, and then SPS/SiO₂ was transformed directly to SPS/MgSi under hydrothermal conditions. Therefore, MgSi obtained by the two-step method had an interwoven structure. Compared to SPS, MgSi and SMD1, SMD2 presented a larger specific surface area and more negative surface charges. Therefore, SMD2 showed superior adsorption performance toward CIP with concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 mg/L, and for 50 mg/L, the equilibrium adsorption capacity could reach 329.7 mg/g. The adsorption process is fast and can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The relationship between pH value and Zeta potential demonstrated that electrostatic interaction dominated the adsorption process. In addition, competitive adsorption showed that the effect of Na⁺ was negligible but the effect of Ca²⁺ was dependent on its concentration. Humid acid (HA) could slightly promote the absorption of CIP by SMD2. After five rounds of adsorption-desorption, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of SMD2 still remained at 288.6 mg/L for 50 mg/L CIP. Notably, SMD2 presented likewise superior adsorption capacity for CIP with concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L in Minjiang source water. All the results indicated that this synthesis method is universal and that SMD2 has potential as an adsorbent for CIP removal from aquatic environments.     

有机锡化合物对萝卜螺的毒性作用

研究了氯化三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对折叠萝卜螺Ｒａｄｉｘｐｌｉｃａｔｕｌａ的毒性作用,结果表明,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺的９６ｈ半数数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）为１．１７μｇ／Ｌ,在４０ｄ中,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺放卵量的ＥＣ５０为０．１０μｇ／Ｌ,螺卵孵化率的ＬＣ５０为０．１７μｇ／Ｌ。     

Exposure-response of Cr(III)-organic complexes to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] bioreduction produces soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. The Cr(III)-organic complexes are relatively stable once they are formed, and no data about their toxicity were reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bioavailability and toxicity of the soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae L-1 wild type yeast strain was chosen as the model organism and Cr(III)-citrate was selected as the representative compound of the Cr(III)-organic complexes. The short-term chronic aquatic toxicity tests of the Cr(III)-citrate was explored by measuring growth inhibition, direct viable cell count, dry biomass, biosorption, and the amount of CO₂ production. Cr(III)-citrate exerted a toxicity of 51 mg/L with an EC ₅₀, which was calculated from the percent growth inhibition. These toxicity data would be helpful to define the toxic potential of the organo-chromium-III compounds in the environment.     

纳米BiOBr对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应

纳米BiOBr(n-BiOBr)是具有广泛应用前景的高活性光催化材料,由于n-BiOBr能在可见光区响应,一旦进入水环境将会造成严重的水生态安全隐患.为探究n-BiOBr对藻类的毒性效应及机理,以羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)为受试生物,研究n-BiOBr对羊角月牙藻生长状况、光合色素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)的影响.结果表明,n-BiOBr对羊角月牙藻的生长有抑制作用,72 h半数效应浓度(EC_(50))为7.407 mg·L~(-1). n-BiOBr处理藻细胞72 h后,藻细胞的叶绿素总量及叶绿素a/b值随着n-BiOBr浓度的升高而降低,呈现一定的浓度-效应关系.随着n-BiOBr浓度增加,MDA、SOD和CAT活性呈现"升高-降低"的趋势.本研究可为纳米材料的科学、有效、无害化应用和管理提供理论依据.     

埃格草(Egeria densa)对铵氮胁迫的生长和生理响应

为了解富营养水体中NH₄+-N胁迫对埃格草（Egeria densa）的影响,通过室外模拟试验,研究了埃格草在不同ρ（NH₄+-N）（0、0.5、2.0 mg/L）下的RGR（relative growth rate,相对生长率）、R/S（root/shoot ratio,根冠比）、w（SC）（SC为可溶性糖,soluble sugar）、w（淀粉）、w（蔗糖）、w（FAA）（FAA为游离氨基酸,free amino acid）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（NO₃--N）的变化.结果表明:随着外源ρ（NH₄+-N）的增加,埃格草的RGR和R/S呈降低的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（RGR为P < 0.001,R/S为P < 0.05）;埃格草中w（SC）和w（淀粉）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低[w（SC）为P < 0.01和P < 0.001,w（淀粉）为P < 0.001和P < 0.05],w（蔗糖）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（P < 0.001）;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）有随外源ρ（NH₄+-N）升高而升高的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时升高显著[w（FAA）为P < 0.01,w（NH₄+-N）为P < 0.05];w（NO₃--N）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低（P < 0.01和P < 0.001）.相关分析表明,w（SC）、w（淀粉）和w（蔗糖）之间呈显著正相关,三者与w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）之间均呈显著负相关,而与w（NO₃--N）呈显著正相关;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）呈显著正相关,而二者与w（NO₃--N）均呈显著负相关.研究显示,NH₄+-N影响埃格草的生长,导致C-N代谢的不平衡.      

环境浓度下邻苯二甲酸二乙酯对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应

DEP (diethyl phthalate,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)是一种在环境中普遍存在的具有潜在神经和生殖毒性的增塑剂,其会干扰环境生物的发育水平、运动行为及生化水平.以秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽、头部摆动频率及生化指标作为测试终点,评估环境中DEP对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应.在不同环境浓度(0、0.000 2、0.002、0.02、0.2、2 mg/L)的DEP溶液中,对秀丽隐杆线虫进行不同时间(24 h、72 h和10 d)的暴露试验.结果表明:①在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露24 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平均未受到显著影响(P>0.05).②在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露72 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到干扰.与对照组相比,在DEP浓度最高(2 mg/L)时,秀丽隐杆线虫体长下降了3.21%(P < 0.05);在DEP浓度为0.000 2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫的体宽呈上升趋势,且头部摆动频率明显加快了5.52%(P < 0.01),秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到显著抑制.③在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露10 d后,与对照组相比,秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽和头摆频率均出现下降;在DEP浓度为2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫体内活性氧自由基、脂褐素和细胞凋亡水平累积均增长显著,出现氧化应激损伤.研究显示,不同环境浓度的DEP溶液会对秀丽隐杆线虫产生一定的毒性影响,且不同暴露时间和暴露浓度产生的毒性影响也存在一定差异.      

水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用及对氮磷去除能力研究

通过测定藻液D680和叶绿素a浓度,研究了水网藻种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,探讨了在分离培养和共生培养2种条件下水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,并考察了水网藻对氮磷的去除能力.结果表明,水网藻对铜绿微囊藻有较强的抑制作用,在水网藻种植水作用8 d后,铜绿微囊藻死亡率达92%;不同浓度的水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用不同,...     

萘对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）内脏团抗氧化防御系统的胁迫与生物响应

经急性毒性实验,得到萘对成体斑马鱼96　h的半数致死浓度（LC₅₀）为11.8 mg·L^-1.在此基础上,设置5个浓度梯度：0、 1/6 LC₅₀、 1/4 LC₅₀、 1/3 LC₅₀、 1/2 LC₅₀,研究了在不同的暴露时间下（0.5、 1、 2、 4、 、 14d）,萘对斑马鱼抗氧化防御系统的影响.结果表明,还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione, GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase, GPx）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（glutathione S-transferase, GST）对萘非常敏感,在暴露0.5　d时就受到抑制或诱导.0.5　d后GPx活性整体上被诱导,只在第14　d时高浓度组（1/3 LC₅₀和1/2 LC₅₀浓度组）GPx活性被抑制;GST和GSH则总体上是低于对照的.超氧化物岐化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）活性在2d后呈现先诱导后抑制;过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性在1　d后整体上受抑制.萘对斑马鱼内脏团抗氧化防御系统能产生影响,其变化可作为生物标志物,来评价暴露于多环芳烃有机污染的鱼类的生物学效应.     

Inhibitive effects of three compositae plants on Microcystis aeruginosa

Based on common phenomena of biochemical interaction between plants and microorganisms, the inhibitive effects of three common terrestrial compositae plants, namely Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., and Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip. on the blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. Live compositae plants are co-cultivated with algae in two different inoculation doses for 10 days in 5-pools incubators, in order to exclude the influence of bacteria and nutrients. The results show that Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC has the most inhibitive potential among the three plants as evidenced by the most drastic decrease in optical density (OD₆₈₀) of the algae. The inhibition rate is 93.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 89.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 4.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) respectively on the 10^th day of cultivation. The average inhibition rate during the later half of the experiment is 0.76 (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 0.71 (with initial inoculation dose of 4.06106 Cells/mL), respectively. Logistic model analysis shows that compositae plants such as A. lavandulaefolia DC. causes the reduction of the habitat’s carrying capacity of algae. ANOVA analysis is used to determine the similarity and differences between every experimental group and an average inhibitive rate model is used to evaluate the inhibition effects. The results show that A. lavandulaefolia DC., which grow well in the aquatic environment, may have a great potential in controlling algae bloom in eutrophic water.     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

前沟藻(Amphidinium hoefleri)和角刺藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)二甲基硫生产的实验研究

用实验室模拟的方法着重研究硅藻的角刺藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ）和乳游甲菏的前沟藻（Ａｍｐｈｉｄｉｍｉｕｍｈｏｅｆｌｉｅｒ）生长过程中ＤＭＳ的生产及不同氮营养条件下对前沟藻ＤＭＳ生产的影响。结果表明（１）前沟藻和角刺激都可以生产二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）,但２者ＤＭＳ生产能力有很大差别,前沟藻ＤＭＳ平均生产率大约是角刺激藻的１００倍。（２）不同生理阶段的ＤＭＳ产量不同。对数增生匠前沟藻细胞