小麦秸秆生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附性能

在炭化温度为300℃下,用小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂,研究生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯废水的吸附性能.考察了pH值、温度、吸附时间和吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,分析了吸附剂在水中对硝基苯的吸附机理.结果表明,在pH值为7,温度为25℃,吸附时间为8h,吸附剂投加量为3 g/L条件下,生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯的去除率达到90％.等温吸附曲线符合Freundlich方程,最大吸附量约为92.37 mg/g.定量描述了分配作用与表面吸附对生物碳质总的吸附作用的贡献,炭化后的小麦秸秆非极性增强,使硝基苯与其的极性更为匹配,引起分配作用增大.     

改性玉米秸秆对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

对经碱处理和醚化接枝的改性玉米秸秆吸附剂进行了结构表征、吸附条件优化、吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究。结果表明,对于200mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)废水,改性玉米秸秆吸附剂最佳吸附条件:吸附剂投加量为1.0g,反应温度为40℃,pH=3,反应时间为300min。吸附过程服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。     

改性疏水硅胶用于油气吸附解吸的研究

吸附法为油气回收的常用方法,对吸附剂的研究有着重要的意义。为了开发出高吸附量、高热稳定性和疏水性的油气回收专用硅胶,对常规硅胶的物理及化学改性方法进行了研究。通过分析热处理温度、热处理时间及升温速度等因素对改性硅胶吸附效果的影响,提出了汽油油气吸附率高、吸水率低的硅胶改性条件为:酒石酸改性剂,热处理温度550~650 ℃,热处理时间3~10 h,升温速度3~10 ℃/min。同时,研究了影响改性硅胶解吸效果的因素,结果表明,真空度越高,温度越高,解吸次数越多,改性硅胶的解吸率越高。     

改性玉米秸秆对水中砷的吸附

以玉米秸秆做原材料,筛选出异丙醇-氢氧化钠-草酸作改性剂,利用改性后的玉米秸秆吸附水体中的三价砷;探讨了其吸附过程的热力学和动力学行为;研究了p H及吸附剂量对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,改性玉米秸秆对水中砷具有很好的吸附能力,当进水浓度为1.25 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.25 g、温度为25℃、p H值为9时,60 min达到吸附饱和;在此条件下,改性玉米秸秆对三价砷的吸附去除率为94.28%;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附规律能够同时满足Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温吸附模型。     

改性牡蛎壳对低磷浓度水体的净化性能研究

为寻求经济、高效的生态浮床除磷基质,以牡蛎壳为对象,通过等温吸附、吸附动力学和吸附剂投加量影响实验对比研究了经不同温度热处理的改性牡蛎壳对低磷浓度水体的吸附性能。结果表明:相比Langmuir方程,Freundlich方程能更好地模拟天然及改性牡蛎壳对总磷的等温吸附行为;相对于伪一级动力学和Elovich方程,牡蛎壳对总磷的吸附动力学过程与伪二级动力学方程更为吻合。热处理温度对总磷的吸附效果产生明显影响,650℃改性牡蛎壳的吸附性能最优。牡蛎壳投加量对总磷去除效果影响也较为显著,当投加量增至20g/L时,天然牡蛎壳、250℃改性牡蛎壳、500℃改性牡蛎壳、650℃改性牡蛎壳的总磷去除率分别可达到51.27%、62.50%、88.27%和99.69%。当投加量为8g/L时,650℃改性牡蛎壳对总磷的去除率已高达90%左右。总体而言,650℃改性牡蛎壳的总磷吸附效果最好,可优先选为生态浮床除磷基质。     

剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B的吸附性能

用剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B进行吸附研究,考察了pH、吸附时间、温度、盐类和污泥量等对活性黑KN-B吸附的影响.结果表明,剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B的吸附是一个快速过程,吸附时间可控制在30 min;其吸附过程可以用准二级动力学模型进行描述和预测;温度对污泥吸附活性黑KN-B产生的影响较小;其吸附等温线,25℃、35℃时与Freundlich方程拟合良好,45℃时则可以由Langmuir方程更好地描述.未调pH的剩余污泥,对pH≤2的废水中活性黑KN-B吸附性能良好;剩余污泥pH为1时,对pH＜12的废水中活性黑KN-B均可有效吸附;氯化钠浓度低于500 mg/L或氯化钠和硫酸钠的混合盐浓度低于100 mg/L时,有利于吸附;氯化钠浓度高于500 mg/L、混合盐浓度高于100 mg/L或单独加入硫酸钠后,随盐浓度的增加,吸附量呈下降趋势.     

生物炭固定化解磷菌对Pb2+的吸附特性

以小麦秸秆和活性污泥为原料,在3种温度下热解制备生物炭,使用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构和性能进行表征,探究了以不同生物炭为载体,以解磷菌为固定化菌株制备的固定化微生物对Pb~(2+)的吸附能力,同时研究了吸附时间和热解温度对固定化微生物吸附Pb~(2+)的影响。结果表明:小麦秸秆生物炭较活性污泥生物炭的表面官能团更为丰富,且小麦秸秆生物炭的芳香化程度随热解温度升高而增加;随着热解温度的升高,小麦秸秆生物炭的微孔逐渐发展,孔壁变薄,孔隙结构更为发达;以700℃热解的小麦秸秆生物炭为载体制备的固定化微生物(IBWS700)对Pb~(2+)的吸附量最高,对Pb~(2+)的吸附量可达89.39mg/g;IBWS700对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程;IBWS700对Pb~(2+)的吸附可以用Langmuir模型较好地拟合。     

不同原料和炭化温度下制备的生物炭结构及性质

以麦秆、稻杆和松木屑3种生物质为原料,在控制热分解条件下制备生物炭利用TG/DTG、Boehm滴定、FT-IR、XRD、TEM和吸附实验等方法对不同原料在350、550和750℃ 3个炭化温度下制备的生物炭形貌及其表面化学性质进行了表征。结果表明:最大热解速率所对应温度以松木屑为最高,表示热稳定性最好;不同原料在相同炭化温度下所制得的生物炭所含表面含氧官能团种类和总量相近,但pH值和吸附能力差别较大,其中麦秆制得的生物炭pH值最大,松木屑制得的生物炭吸附能力最强;随着炭化温度升高,相同原料制得生物炭表面含氧官能团总量减少,pH值升高,纤维素和半纤维素特征峰消失,芳构化程度增加,吸附性能总体呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

油菜秸秆髓芯对水中铜离子吸附作用及其机理

使用单因素实验,分别考察不同溶液pH、油菜秸秆髓芯加入量、溶液初始Cu2+浓度和吸附时间4个因素对油菜秸秆髓芯吸附水中Cu2+影响作用.采用BBD实验设计分析和优化其吸附条件,并得到最佳吸附条件组合.使用吸附等温方程和动力学方程对其吸附Cu2+过程进行评价,运用红外光谱技术对吸附Cu2+前后油菜秸秆髓芯进行分析,初步推断油菜秸秆髓芯吸附水中Cu2+的机理.最佳吸附条件参数组合:在温度为25℃条件下、初始Cu2+浓度为31 mg/L、溶液pH为5.0和油菜秸秆髓芯加入量为1.17 g/L条件组合下吸附120 min,在此组合条件下油菜秸秆髓芯对水中Cu2+最大去除率达到96.86%.吸附等温方程表明,其吸附Cu2+行为更符合Langmuir方程;动力学方程显示,其吸附Cu2+行为符合二次动力学方程.红外光谱显示,油菜秸秆髓芯中的—C=O、酰胺II基团参与Cu2+的络合吸附.油菜秸秆髓芯对水中Cu2+呈现出良好的吸附性能,为油菜秸秆髓芯作为Cu2+ 吸附剂提供了应用基础与理论依据.     

成型秸秆炭吸附剂对水中Cd2+的去除特性

以水稻秸秆为原料,制取对Cd2+去除效果最佳的成型生物炭吸附剂。采取限氧升温方法,分析不同热解温度和不同热解时间的成型炭对Cd2+去除规律和特性。研究结果表明：热解温度不变,热解时间90 min去除率最大;热解时间不变,热解温度550 ℃时去除率最大;去除速率分快、慢两阶段,快阶段2 h内去除率最低达到76.83%,慢阶段10 h去除率仅20%左右;该成型炭对Cd2+吸附规律可用准二级动力模型进行拟合,拟合度Rmax2=0.987 2,该成型炭对Cd2+吸附不是单层吸附过程,而存在大量的阳离子交换量,化学反应较强烈。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)