MBR工艺中溶解性有机物的分子量和EEM解析

采用凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对平板膜-生物反应器工艺应用于餐饮废水和粪便污水处理的工程实例进行研究,对比分析2套工艺中的调节池水和出水的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质变化.研究表明,餐饮废水处理过程的调节池水DOM中大分子(＞100 kDa)物质比例为6...     

SBR-混凝处理渗滤液过程中有机物的变化特征

考察了SBR-混凝组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)不同分子量区间物质及组分腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(Hy I)的去除效果,同时利用傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对处理过程中DOM各组分变化特性进行了分析。结果表明,组合工艺对表观分子量为2 000~4 000及2 000的DOM去除率分别为89.3%和72.1%;对渗滤液DOM组分HA、FA和Hy I的去除率分别为-52.0%、73.1%和77.1%。红外光谱显示,DOM各组分都含有醇、羧酸、脂等多种有机物,SBR对糖、醇、羧酸等去除效果较好,而混凝对脂肪族及芳香族化合物去除效果较好;三维荧光光谱分析表明,经组合工艺处理,DOM各组分荧光峰强度及复杂化程度明显降低,且SBR工艺对色氨酸等类蛋白物质去除效果较好,混凝工艺对类腐殖酸、类富里酸等大分子物质的去除效果较好。     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物的提取及成分分析

EPS是微生物聚集体的重要组成部分,提取和分析好氧颗粒污泥的EPS利于深入研究这一新兴微生物聚集体.采用加热、超声、高速离心和加碱等5种方法提取好氧颗粒污泥的EPS,并分析其主要成分.结果表明,匀浆预处理是提取颗粒污泥EPS首要步骤,超声和加热分别适合EPS定性与定量分析,在35 w、超声4 min的条件下,活性污泥与好氧颗粒污泥EPS提取液中TOC产量分别为105.3 mg/g VSS和96.5 mg/g VSS;加热法(80℃,60 min)提取的EPS产量略高于超声法,对于活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥,TOC含量分别为142.6 mg/g VSS和153.2 mg/g VSS;蛋白质是活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥EPS中比例最大的成分,且蛋白与多糖在好氧颗粒污泥与其在絮状活性污泥中的比值范围分别为3.22～5.80和1.68～2.63.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法比较与热碱法优化

为比较不同方法对曝气池活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果,采用6种方法对EPS进行提取。结果表明:热碱法对EPS的提取量最大,提取总量为64.95 mg·g-1;其次是Na OH法、CER法和加热法,超声法和硫酸法对EPS的提取效果不佳,提取量低于10 mg·g-1;在所提取的EPS中,多糖含量高于蛋白质。为研究p H、水浴温度和时间对热碱法提取效果的影响,采用正交实验对热碱法的提取条件进行优化,确定热碱法提取EPS的适宜条件为水浴温度80℃,加热时间10 min,p H 13,该条件下蛋白质和多糖的提取量达到最大,分别为29.55 mg·g-1和33.37 mg·g-1。     

基于三维荧光光谱特征峰的水体有机污染物综合指标检测

对来源不同一的32个水样进行三维荧光光谱的测定,并用5种典型有机物的荧光特征峰A(腐殖酸类)、C(腐殖酸类)、B(络氨酸类)、T1(色氨酸类)、T2(色氨酸类)进行了单一和组合式建模,发现对于来源不同一的水体的总有机含碳量(TOC)、化学耗氧量(COD)的检测采用这种提取特征峰建模的效果并不理想.该研究说明,依据典型特...     

阳离子树脂法提取活性污泥胞外聚合物的研究

考察了树脂法提取活性污泥中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的影响因素,确定了最佳的提取条件.试验结果表明,树脂量60g/g VSS,振摇频率200r/min下处理4 h,EPS的提取量达到111.20 mg/L,DNA占提取量的12.13%.该方法的重现性试验结果还表明,EPS及其各成分的相对标准偏差在2.21%～6.07%之间,能较好地满足试验要求,是一种可靠的EPS提取方法.     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺中溶解性有机物的特性变化

利用三维荧光技术(EEM)和凝胶过滤色谱法(GFC)研究了沸石生物联合吸附再生(ZCS)工艺中溶解性有机物(DOM)在系统中的变化规律.结果表明,生活污水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)和类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经ZCS工艺处理后,荧光峰B较峰A的强度降低更多,说明类蛋白质的组成结构发生了变化;荧光峰C削...     

不同状态下的同一污泥胞外聚合物提取方法研究

以由厌氧污泥向好氧污泥转变前后2种不同状态下的污泥为研究对象,采用5种不同方法对污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)进行了提取实验。实验结果表明,NaOH法提取的EPS含量最高,但会导致胞内物质泄漏。CER和离心提取法较温和,但EPS产量不高。甲醛-NaOH和H2SO4法提取的EPS含量较高,且无大量细胞自溶发生,是有效的EPS提取方法。厌氧污泥转变为好氧污泥后蛋白质/多糖(PN/PS)比例有所增加,表明EPS各组分含量发生改变。红外分析表明厌氧污泥转变为好氧污泥前后EPS中主要组成成分没有发生改变,但各成分含量有所增加,特征明显的峰表明EPS中存在蛋白质、多聚糖。     

蚯蚓与微生物协同处理对剩余污泥腐殖化特征的影响

对污水生物处理产生的剩余污泥分别采用碱提取法和Adani法(有机溶剂加酸水解)提取腐殖酸,通过元素分析、红外光谱和三维荧光光谱比较,确定Adani法提取的腐殖酸非腐殖质成分含量较低,可以较好地表征剩余污泥中腐殖酸特性。进而采用Adani法提取蚯蚓生物滤池处理剩余污泥的原泥和出泥中的腐殖酸,研究蚯蚓与微生物协同处理对剩余污泥腐殖化特征的影响。元素分析、E4/E6及三维荧光光谱分析结果表明:与原泥腐殖酸相比,出泥腐殖酸中蛋白质等有机物得到有效降解,腐殖物质明显增多,其腐殖酸分子量、芳香化和缩聚程度均较高;蚯蚓生物滤池出泥腐殖化程度明显提高。     

基于粒度分布的活性污泥胞外聚合物提取及凝聚特性分析

胞外聚合物(EPS)在活性污泥的凝聚及结构方面起着重要的作用。现有研究一般根据分离难易程度及空间分布,将EPS分为溶解型EPS(SEPS),松散结合型EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(TB-EPS)。本研究提出了根据EPS功能进行分类的概念,将EPS分为絮体EPS(extra-microcolony polymeric substances,EMPS)和菌胶团EPS(extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS)。以活性污泥粒度分布的演变为基础,采用阳离子交换树脂法作为一次提取法,甲醛加碱法和超声-高速离心法2种方法分别作为二次提取法,对EMPS和ECPS进行分离提取,并对其功能及凝聚特性进行分析。结果显示,阳离子交换树脂法可有效提取EMPS,而超声-高速离心法可有效提取ECPS。ECPS比EMPS含有更多的蛋白质和多糖,且ECPS比EMPS具有更强的疏水性。此外,EMPS和ECPS都表现出较强的带负电特性。结果表明,活性污泥絮体层级和菌胶团层级的聚合力不同,絮体层级的絮凝主要由二价阳离子的桥联作用引起,而菌胶团层级的凝聚则是由疏水作用等其他作用力引起。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.