热解含油污泥制备吸附剂及热解过程的优化

为资源化利用油田含油污泥,对高含油的孤岛采油厂含油污泥进行热解处理研究,以苯酚吸附值为基准对热解工艺过程进行优化,并采用ICP-MS、元素分析仪、气相色谱质谱仪和SEM对热解油品和残渣性质进行分析;正交实验和单因素实验结果相一致,热解最佳工艺条件为:N2保护下,热解温度550℃,热解时间4 h,升温速率10℃/min,此时苯酚吸附值为29.26 mg/g。通过对热解残渣苯酚吸附值为基准进行正交实验极差分析,热解温度的影响最大,其次是热解时间,最后是加热速率。SEM结果显示,热解含油污泥制备的固体残渣具有丰富的微米孔,可将其制备成多孔固体吸附剂。初步研究结果表明,含油污泥热解处理实现了无害化和资源化目的,满足国家节能减排的战略要求和农用污泥排放标准。     

含油污泥化学清洗处理实验研究与工艺参数优化

以大庆采油一厂的含油污泥为研究对象,采用化学清洗方法,以处理后底泥残油率为评价指标,优化影响含油污泥清洗效率的参数。根据单因素实验,确定清洗温度、化学药剂浓度、液固比的取值范围;采用Design-Expert响应曲面法,考察单独变量作用及交互作用对含油污泥残油率的影响。选择软件中二次多项式模型进行模拟可知,单因素变量、清洗温度与化学药剂浓度的交互项均对含油污泥残油浓度具有显著影响;模型优化结果显示,化学法处理含油污泥的最佳工艺条件为清洗温度78.68℃、化学药剂浓度0.84 g·L~(-1)、液固比9.40∶1,模型预测底泥残油率为3.85%,实验验证结果的平均值是3.96%,测定值与预测值之间相对误差为2.78%,证明该模型的可靠性。     

油田含油污泥热解制备烟气脱硫剂

为实现油田含油污泥深度资源化,针对高含油的孤岛采油厂含油污泥采用热解处理,回收油气资源的同时将热解残渣制备成烟气脱硫剂。以苯吸附值和热解残渣含油率为基准对热解工艺进行了优化,对热解油品和残渣进行分析,热解残渣经过后续处理进行了烟气脱硫性能评价。通过正交实验得到热解最佳工艺条件为:氮气保护下,热解温度550℃,热解时间4h,升温速率10℃/min。此时苯吸附值为60.12mg/g,热解残渣含油率为0.29%。最佳工艺条件下,热解油品产率可达10%左右,回收率大于65%,热裂解作用明显,热解油品的品质较好,产生的不凝气体可以作为洁净燃料气;热解残渣经过后续处理,可用于脱除烟气中的SO2,吸附脱硫能力较好,穿透硫容达到3%以上。     

弧叶型旋转窑烧制污泥陶粒实验研究

实验选取污水污泥、粉煤灰和港口淤泥为原辅材料,采取正交实验设计物料质量配合比与烧制工艺参数,遴选出最佳物料配比和优化的烧制工艺;依照选定物料配比和工艺参数采用弧叶型旋转窑烧制污泥陶粒并测定产品的1 h吸水率,软化系数,堆积密度,表观密度,颗粒级配,粒型系数以及产品浸出毒性等技术指标,选取制得陶粒产品替代全部天然石料配制...     

含油污泥2级分离系统集成及处理工艺优化

为了促进含油污泥资源化利用的工程化应用,提高回收油品质并减少二次污染,开发了含油污泥2级分离系统集成工艺,并选用典型的油泥样品在实验室条件下进行了工艺优化实验。结果表明,在高含固预处理一级分离中添加20%的煤油,可脱除粒径在15.1μm以上的固体颗粒。一级分离产物经7%微乳液化学调质后进行二级离心分离,得到的回收油中含水和固体颗粒重量比小于3%。该分离系统将应用于日处理100 t的油泥资源化处理集成技术示范工程。     

制粒及工艺优化对工程化阴燃治理含油污泥的影响

针对含油污泥含水率高、含油率高、渗透性差导致应用工程化阴燃处置技术的适应性差、处置能力低等问题,采用制粒手段强化含油污泥的预处理过程,并对其阴燃点燃及推进方式加以调整,旨在筛选出较优的预处理和阴燃工艺参数。通过小试实验探索了含水率对油泥制粒的影响,以及含水率、制粒状态、辅助燃料、阴燃启动方式和推进方向对阴燃的影响。结果表明,某含油废水治理产生的含油污泥可采用对辊挤出制粒的方式进行预处理,含水率宜控制在33%～35%;油泥经脱水或制粒均可增强阴燃稳健性;含水率较高时添加质量分数5%的稻壳,点燃耗时可缩短约40%,阴燃蔓延速度提升约70%;采用木炭间接启动阴燃也可显著缩短点燃耗时。本研究结果可为工程化阴燃治理油泥的工艺和设备设计提供参考。     

罐底含油泥热解动力学参数计算方法的优选

在化学反应设计中反应动力学是较重要的因素。为得到更合理的污泥热解动力学参数计算方法,利用热重分析仪,在氮气气氛下对罐底含油污泥的热解特性进行研究。根据热重实验数据,分别采用Coats-Redfern法、Kissinger法、FWO法和Popescu法计算污泥热解动力学参数,并获取罐底泥热解制油的主要阶段(第2阶段)的反应活化能E、频率因子A并分析各种方法反应机理。通过对比不同计算方法得到动力学参数及拟合曲线与实验曲线的相关性,确定了最佳罐底含油污泥热解动力学参数计算方法。研究表明,Popescu法得到罐底泥的热解过程符合Jander方程,活化能E为101.43 kJ/mol,与FWO法得到的91.20 kJ/mol相近,且预测曲线与实验曲线有较好的相关性(0.9816),说明Popescu法计算罐底泥热解动力学参数更合适。     

含油污泥焦化液相油收率影响因素研究

油田产生的高含油污泥,采用催化焦化的方法进行处理,回收其中的原油,分析了影响含油污泥焦化液相油收率的主要因素,采用正交和单因素实验方法对各因素进行考察,确定了高液相油收率的含油污泥焦化操作条件;处理后的焦化固体产物能够达到农用污泥标准。     

平板膜污泥浓缩工艺操作条件的优化研究

为了解决传统污泥浓缩存在的问题,采用平板膜污泥浓缩(MST)工艺进行污泥浓缩,在浓缩污泥的同时实现中水回用.采用正交试验和层次分析法分析评价操作条件对MST工艺的影响.正交试验选择了膜通量、曝气量和抽停比3个操作条件.结果表明,针对污泥浓缩效果、出水水质和曝气量3个不同的考核指标,工艺具有不同的最佳操作条件;整个试验过程中出水浊度小于1,COD在30mg/L左右,氨氮小于5mg/L,基本满足城市杂用水水质标准.采用层次分析法选择出了MST工艺的最佳操作条件为:曝气量1.0 m3/h,膜通量18L/(m2·h),抽停比10min:2min.     

水泥窑协同处置含油污泥

含油污泥是石油石化生产过程中产生的一种含油固体废弃物,现有的含油污泥处理技术主要解决了油泥中油气资源的部分回收,未实现油泥的彻底无害化。采用能谱仪、原子荧光光度计和等离子体发射光谱仪等检测手段,检测了不同油田含油污泥的成分、热值及重金属含量,并与水泥生产的相关标准进行了对比分析。结果表明,含油污泥灰分中氧化钙、氧化硅等含量总和均大于80%;灰分中重金属含量基本满足《水泥工厂设计规范》GB50295-2008中水泥熟料重金属含量要求,可作为水泥生产的替代原料。采集的各油田含油污泥平均热值达17.6 MJ/kg,大部分含油污泥都可以作为水泥生产的替代燃料。同时,水泥窑协同处置含油污泥时有害有机物被彻底分解,不会产生二次污染,能真正实现含油污泥的减量化、资源化和无害化,是一项值得推广的处置方式。     

城市污泥热解中试系统集成一体化研究及运行效果评估

为了促进城市污泥热解工艺的工程化应用,组建了污泥热解系统、热解产物分离回收利用系统、废气净化排放系统于一体较完整的热解中试装置,在实现污泥有效处置的同时也实现了高值能源回收利用。中试工况优化,较好工况为：热解时间30-40 min,热解终温450-500℃,在此条件下,干化污泥（含水率5%）减量率为50%;热值为33.8 MJ/kg的热解油产率为17.1%左右。通过对中试运行效果的评估,得出热解油和热解气两者能量或污泥炭自身能量可供干化污泥热解本身所需能量,从而为推动污水污泥热解工艺的工程化利用提供了支持。     

加压生物氧化法处理印染废水的动力学研究

加压生化法与其他处理印染废水的方法相比．具有工艺简单,耐冲击能力强、投资低、操作参数仪表控制、剩余污泥量少等优点。探讨了在加压曝气条件下处理印染废水的生化反应机理．测定其动力学参数．建立加压生物氧化法处理印染废水的生物氧化反应动力学模型,为印染废水的加压生化处理提供了可靠的设计与运行参数。     

城市污水厂污泥的浸泡油炸

提出了一种利用餐厨废油为热交换介质,在常压下对城市污水厂污泥进行油炸干化制成固体燃料,以实现城镇两大废弃物一污泥和餐厨废油综合处置的方法。以大豆油模拟餐厨废油,研究了污泥油炸干燥特性及过程影响参数。实验结果表明,污泥经油炸干化后,干基含水率从初始的4．56kg／kg降低至0．05kg／kg,干基含油率升为0．37～0．47kg／kg,干污泥热值达到21．551～24．082MJ／kg,是一种高热值固体燃料。油温对污泥油炸干化过程影响显著,当油温从120℃升至180℃时,污泥干燥时间从28min缩短至4min。实验条件下,1t餐厨废油可处理约8．3t湿污泥。     

污泥生物沥滤工艺优化和重金属分配研究

为了得到嗜酸硫细菌沥滤污泥中重金属的最佳工艺参数,对沥滤过程进行3因素4水平的正交实验研究。3种影响因素的水平设置分别为:污泥浓度35、25、15和5 g/L,单质硫投加量15、10、5和1 g/L,接种量15、10、5和3 g/L。对沥滤过程污泥中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的去除率进行极差分析,提出了因素影响程度依次为单质硫投加量污泥浓度接种量,且最佳工艺条件为:污泥浓度25 g/L,单质硫投加量10 g/L,接种量为5%。采用超声波-离心方法,分步提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的2种形态:松散结合态(LB)和紧密结合态(TB)。分析其中的重金属浓度,提出沥滤后重金属在污泥EPS的赋存以LB为主。     

Enhanced Cr bioleaching efficiency from tannery sludge with coinoculation of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TS6 and Brettanomyces B65 in an air-lift reactor

Bioleaching process has been demonstrated to be an effective technology in removing Cr from tannery sludge, but a large quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in tannery sludge often exhibits a marked toxicity to chemolithoautotrophic bioleaching bacteria such as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The purpose of the present study was therefore to enhance Cr bioleaching efficiencies through introducing sludge DOM-degrading heterotrophic microorganism into the sulfur-based sludge bioleaching system. An acid-tolerant DOM-degrading yeast strain Brettanomyces B65 was successfully isolated from a local Haining tannery sludge and it could metabolize sludge DOM as a source of energy and carbon for growth. A combined bioleaching experiment (coupling Brettanomyces B65 and A. thiooxidans TS6) performed in an air-lift reactor indicated that the rates of sludge pH reduction and ORP increase were greatly improved, resulting in enhanced Cr solubilization. Compared with the 5 days required for maximum solubilization of Cr for the control (single bioleaching process without inoculation of Brettanomyces B65), the bioleaching period was significantly shorten to 3 days for the combined bioleaching system. Moreover, little nitrogen and phosphorous were lost and the content of Cr was below the permitted levels for land application after 3 days of bioleaching treatment.     

PCDDs and PCDFs in water, sludge and air samples from various levels in a waste water treatment plant with respect to composition changes and total flux

A flux estimate of PCDDs and PCDFs through a waste water treatment plant has been made on an annual basis. The samples were collected from different steps in the treatment procedure within the plant i.e. inlet and outlet water, different sludge types and air samples. From the surroundings of the plant were collected samples of urban air, storm sewer water (urban runoff), plant discharge water and settling particulates from a sediment trap downstream the plant discharge. Differences in congener profiles were found between the samples taken within the plant compared to those collected outside. The flux of PCDD and PCDF equivalents through the plant was found to be approximately 0.4 – 0.5 g/year and the major part was taken away as digested sludge.     

Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae

This study was designed to investigate the composition and the toxicity of leather tanning wastewater and conditioned sludge collected at the leather tanning wastewater treatment plant (CODISO) located in Solofra, Avellino (Southern Italy). Samples were analyzed for their conventional parameters (COD, TSS, chromium and ammonia) and for metal content. Effluent samples included raw wastewater, and samples collected following coagulation/flocculation process and biological treatment. A set of toxicity endpoints were tested using sea urchin and marine microalgal bioassays by evaluating acute embryotoxicity, developmental defects, changes in sperm fertilization success and transmissible damage from sperm to the offspring, and changes in algal growth rate. Dose-related toxicity to sea urchin embryogenesis and sperm fertilization success was exerted by effluent or sludge samples according to the following rank: conditioned sludge > coagulated effluent > or = raw influent > effluent from biological treatment. Offspring quality was not affected by sperm exposure to any wastewater or to sludge samples. Algal growth was inhibited by raw or coagulated effluent to a similar extent and, again, the effluent from the biological treatment resulted in a decreased toxicity. The results suggest that coagulated effluent and conditioned sludge result in higher toxicity than raw influent in sea urchin embryos and sperm, whereas the biological wastewater treatment of coagulated effluent, in both sea urchins and algae, cause a substantial improvement of wastewater quality. Hence a final biological wastewater treatment should be operated to minimize any environmental damage from tannery wastewater.