地理信息系统与生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价

叙述了地理信息系统在生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价中的应用。通过数字化地图建立一４种生态要素的基础评价数据库。讨论了生态系统因子对酸沉降的敏感分级，敏感性评价系统和评价模型。最后介绍了生态系统对酸沉降敏感指数制图。     

生态系统对酸沉降敏感性评价方法与进展

评述水体、土壤和整个生态系统对酸沉降敏感性评价的各种方法,这些方法用系统 的不同物理化学性质表征它们缓冲酸输入的能力。     

中国土壤对酸沉降的相对敏感性区划

以土壤类型,土地利用和湿度为生态因子,评价中国土壤对对酸沉降的相对敏感性,并利用地理信息系统的工具绘制了相对敏感性区划图。在评价土壤的缓能力时,除了以土壤的化学性质为指标外,还综合考虑了土壤质地和温度这２个重要因素使得评价方法更适合我国土壤理化性质差异大和南北温差大的特性,区划的结果表明,我国对酸沉降最敏感的地区主要分布在东北的大兴安岭地区,云南的南部和华南沿海地区,其交介东北地区,长江以南和青藏     

确定不同保证率下的中国酸沉降临界负荷

在进行中国酸沉降临界负荷区划时 ,通常以 1°× 1°(经纬度 )的网格为单位进行计算 ,难以反映网格内不同生态系统对酸沉降敏感性的差异 .为了便于决策者根据临界负荷确定酸沉降控制对策 ,也为了使 1°× 1°的结果更具代表性和实用性 ,本研究确定了 0 1°× 0 1°网格为单位计算的中国酸沉降临界负荷 ,并在此基础上通过引入保证率的概念 ,得到了一系列与一定的经济技术水平相适应的、允许有一定损失的 1°× 1°的中国酸沉降临界负荷图 .利用累积分布函数 ,本研究还确定了不同保证率下的中国酸沉降超临界负荷分布和各省、市、自治区的酸沉降临界负荷 .     

中国南方生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷

将中国南方生态系统的酸沉降敏感性等级与用MAGIC模型在对应样点计算的临界负荷值相结合,对中国南方生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷进行了研究,并编制了1°×1°经纬度网格的临界负荷图．研究结果表明,中国南方生态系统硫沉降临界负荷大多在2.3～5.2gm²a之间,在地域分布上由东南向西北逐渐增大,其中临界负荷小于3.0g/m₂a的极敏感地区为浙江南部、广东与福建交界地区、贵州西南部和广西中部．     

城市生态环境可持续评价的两类方法比较

在介绍城市生态环境可持续评价的两种方法的基础上,探讨了相对可持续性评价方法和绝对可持续性评价方法（生态足迹方法）的优点和不足之处,指出了不同方法的适用范围,并着重强调了利用生态足迹方法进行城市生态环境可持续性评价时要注意城市开放生态系统问题,对城市生态环境可持续性评价的实践具有指导意义。     

重庆酸雨对陆地生态系统的影响和控制对策：中日酸雨合作研究总结

中日合作研究项目：酸沉降对陆生生态系统的影响及其控制对策的研究，于１９９０至１９９５年期间在中国重庆地区进行。本文是该最终研究结果主要方面的报导，包括大气污染和酸雨的状况酸沉降对池塘，森林和土壤生态系统的影响以及大气污染和桎酸雨控制对策，该项研究为今后酸沉降生态监测的研究，打下了有力的基础。     

生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷及其研究进展

生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷是制订合理高效氮、硫排放削减方案的关键,因此受到了科学家和政治家的广泛关注．本文综述了当前国内外有关生态系统酸沉降临界负荷的研究进展及研究中的一些关键问题,最后提出当前研究中存在的问题及对未来研究的展望。     

苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省酸沉降农业危害——酸沉降农业生态综合危害分析

为了解酸沉降对农业生态系统的影响,通过模拟酸沉降对苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省主要农作物的影响,在数学模型的基础上得出了农作物受酸沉降危害的减产基准值,分析了7省农业损失构成,提出了划分酸沉降农业生态危害的等级标准,并绘制出7省酸沉降农业综合生态危害图。     

两广地区水域对酸雨的敏感性及其分区图

酸沉降对水生生态的影响程度,取决于降水中化学组分的输入量和地表水体对所输入的酸性物质的敏感性.湖泊对酸性沉降物影响的敏感性,决定于多种相互作用的因素,除酸沉降的强弱和影响酸沉降的气象因素外,还取决于湖泊的水文学及水化学性质、集水区的特点和土壤与基岩等诸因素.我国两广地区位于重酸雨区,酸雨频率高,酸度大,每     

Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing, China

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Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing

In accordance with principle sand methods of ecology,this paper studied the effects of acidic deposition on productivity and volume increment of masson pine and Cinnamomum campora forest which are widely distributed in southern suburbs of Chongqing. Based on the field data and measurements, a multivariable stepwise regression model was established to analyze the effects of multiple environmental factors on the productivity of the forest ecosystems. This model was used to assess the volume and economic losses of these two forest ecosystems caused by acidic deposition. The results showed that, among the environmental factors, pH value of precipitation, soil depth, soil organic contents and slope are the dominant ones influencing the growth of masson pine forest. It is also shown that the acidic deposition has no clear relation to the growth of C.Campora forest, so development of such broad-leaved forest is suitable in the area.     

Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing

In accordance with principle sand methods of ecology, this paper studied the effects of acidic deposition on productivity and volume increment of masson pine and Cinnamomum campora forest which are widely distributed in southern suburbs of Chongqing. Based on the field data and measurements, a multivariable stepwise regression model was established to analyze the effects of multiple environmental factors on the productivity of the forest ecosystems. This model was used to assess the volume and economic losses of these two forest ecosystems caused by acidic deposition. The results showed that, among the environmental factors, pH value of precipitation, soil depth, soil organic contents and slope are the dominant ones influencing the growth of masson pine forest. It is also shown that the acidic deposition has no clear relation to the growth of C.Campora forest, so development of such broad-leaved forest is suitable in the area.     

酸沉降对重庆南岸马尾松针叶林年生物生产量的影响及其经济损失的估算

利用生态学方法研究了酸沉降对重庆南岸马尾松针叶林和樟树阔叶林年生物生产量及年材积生长量的影响．在野外调查观测的基础上，用多元逐步回归法分析了诸多环境因子对两种森林生态系统年生物生产量的影响，并估算了酸沉降引起的重庆南岸（酸雨严重危害地区）马尾松针叶林的年材积损失量和生态经济损失值．结果表明，在诸多环境因子中，土壤有机质含量、降水ｐＨ值、土层厚度及坡度是影响马尾松针叶林生长的主导因子，其与生物量的相关系数分别为０．９９４０、０．９７６２、０．９７３８、０．９４３６．由此引起的重庆南岸马尾松针叶林的直接经济损失达３０３．３２万元／ａ；酸沉降对樟树阔叶林无显著影响，建议在该地区发展樟树阔叶林．     

长期土壤酸化模型(LTSAM)

以碱总量守恒为基础，以Ｕｌｒｉｃｈ缓冲范围为模型主要框架建立了兼能描述酸性与石灰性土壤长期酸化反应过程的动态模型．经与ＳＭＡＲＴ模型在理论设计和模拟结果两方面作对比之后，又利用新建模型以北京地区典型褐土为例进行了硫沉降与酸（Ｈ＋）沉降的对比计算．结果表明：（１）ＬＴＳＡＭ模型能够很好地反映土壤缓冲酸的主要机制．（２）模式运行即稳定又省时．（３）大气硫沉降不同于酸沉降．也就是说，硫沉降改变时，阳离子（尤其是主要离子）沉降量的变化应当加以考虑．     

An analysis of the likely success of policy actions under uncertainty: Recovery from acidification across Great Britain

In the context of wider debates about the role of uncertainty in environmental science and the development of environmental policy, we use a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimate (GLUE) approach to address the uncertainty in both acid deposition model predictions and in the sensitivity of the soils to assess the likely success of policy actions to reduce acid deposition damage across Great Britain. A subset of 11, 699 acid deposition model runs that adequately represented observed deposition data were used to provide acid deposition distributions for 2005 and 2020, following a substantial reduction in SO₂ and NO_x emissions. Uncertain critical loads data for soils were then combined with these deposition data to derive estimates of the accumulated exceedance (AE) of critical loads for 2005 and 2020. For the more sensitive soils, the differences in accumulated exceedance between 2005 and 2020 were such that we could be sure that they were significant and a meaningful environmental improvement would result. For the least sensitive soils, critical loads were largely met by 2020, hence uncertainties in the differences in accumulated exceedance were of little policy relevance. Our approach of combining estimates of uncertainty in both a pollution model and an effects model, shows that even taking these combined uncertainties into account, policy-makers can be sure that the substantial planned reduction in acidic emissions will reduce critical loads exceedances. The use of accumulated exceedance as a relative measure of environmental protection provides additional information to policy makers in tackling this ‘wicked problem’.     

An integrated assessment of regional air pollution and climate change in Europe: findings of the AIR-CLIM Project

This paper presents results of an assessment of the linkages between regional air pollution and climate change in Europe (the AIR-CLIM Project). The main research tool was an integrated modeling framework and the main product was a consistent set of long-term scenarios covering Europe between 1995 and 2100. Scenarios consisted of trends in emissions, acid deposition, nitrogen deposition and climate change. Critical loads and critical levels were used to assess the impacts of deposition to forest soils and a new analogous concept of “critical climate change” was developed to assess the impacts of climate change. Taking into consideration the limitations of the scope and models used in the study, preliminary conclusions were: (1) regional air pollution and climate change may be fairly weakly coupled in the natural environment, i.e. climate change was not found to have a large impact on the sensitivity of forest ecosystems to regional air pollution, nor on the distribution of deposition; nor did regional air pollution (in the form of sulfate aerosols) have a significant impact on climate change in Europe; (2) however, regional air pollution and climate change may be strongly coupled in the “policy” environment. It was estimated that virtually all of Europe at mid-century might be affected by either regional air pollution or climate change, or both, and this will require a strong policy response. Moreover, the indirect effects of climate policies were found to reduce the costs of controlling air pollution emissions by more than 50%, suggesting a strong potential financial linkage between policies to reduce greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions.     

A new method for estimation of dry deposition of particles based on throughfall measurements in a forest edge

Throughfall measurements are very often used to calculate the atmospheric input to ecosystems. Such attempts are normally complicated by canopy interaction processes which are difficult to assess. This study presents an approach to calculate dry deposition and canopy leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ to forests. The calculations are based on throughfall measurements in a forest edge of a spruce stand and by use of Na⁺ as a model substance for dry deposition of particles. This ‘forest edge approach’ is compared with an approach based on equal Na⁺ to base cation ratios in wet and dry deposition (‘wet/dry ratio approach’), which has been widely used in the literature. Our calculations show that the wet/dry ratio approach may overestimate the dry deposition of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ by up to 100% and leaching will correspondingly be underestimated. The assumptions underlying the different approaches and the use of throughfall measurements to estimate dry deposition are discussed and it is suggested that throughfall measurements in forest edges may be a valuable improvement to studies of atmospheric deposition in forests.