典型塑料与生物质废弃物的共热解技术及高值化利用

塑料和生物质废弃物量大面广.在碳中和背景下，共热解技术被认为是将塑料和生物质高质转化和高值化利用的一个有前途的途径，是经济模式由“线性”转化为“闭环”从而实现环境可持续发展的重要转变之一.本文以“用后即弃”的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯塑料为代表，梳理了生物质与塑料共热解过程中的协同效应、影响协同效应的因素、共热解产物的高值化利用和共热解技术的环境意义，并对共热解技术在塑料和生物质废弃物资源化处置中的科学难题、技术瓶颈、政策缺失等进行展望.结果表明：相较于塑料或生物质单独热解，共热解可以显著降低热解过程中的能耗，提高热解产物的产量和品质.塑料和生物质废弃物在共热解过程中的协同效应是由于富氢塑料作为“氢库”向富氧生物质供氢，提高生物质热解产生的自由基的稳定性，促进共热解反应的彻底进行.原料类型及掺混比、热解温度、热解速率和催化剂的加入均对共热解的协同效应和产物分布产生显著影响，调整共热解技术中原料配比和热解条件可选择性制备目标产物.共热解产物包括生物质炭、生物油和热解气等，共热解显著提高生物质炭孔隙结构和稳定性，增强其固碳和减排性能；此外，共热解能够增强热解气和生物油的热值和稳定性，综合提高热解...     

我国燃煤电厂二氧化硫减排技术经济分析

SO_2污染已使我国1/3的国土面积上再现酸雨,成为世界三大酸雨区之一。而SO_2排放主要来自煤炭的大量燃烧,目前燃煤电厂SO_2排放量已占全国排放总量的47%以上。本文介绍了燃煤电厂SO_2减排的主要技术措施;并就电厂燃用洗选煤的费用比较和电厂脱硫的成本效益进行了经济分析;提出了燃煤电厂二氧化硫减排的政策支持建议。     

页岩气开发油基钻屑-单组分生物质共热解特性

油基钻屑与生物质热解油分别存在产率低、有害组分含量高的问题,为探究二者共热解是否可以产生协同作用,采用固定床反应器研究了热解温度、终温时间（热解温度保持时间）、升温速率、N₂流量、生物质与油基钻屑混合比例（质量比）等因素对油基钻屑与单组分生物质共热解的影响.结果表明:①油基钻屑与单组分生物质热解效果随热解温度和终温时间的增加而增强、随升温速率的加快而减弱,N₂流量对热解过程影响不大;最佳热解工艺参数为热解温度350℃、终温时间60 min、升温速率10℃/min、N₂流量0.15 L/min.②共热解可产生协同作用,当生物质与油基钻屑混合比例分别为3:7、7:3时,热解灰渣含油量较理论值下降较为明显,降幅分别为21.71%、17.64%.③共热解可减少生物质热解过程中有害物质的生成,提高油基钻屑的液相产率,生物质单独热解时液相产物中有害组分占比高达74.92%;加入适量油基钻屑共热解时有害组分占比明显降低,当油基钻屑与生物质混合比例为7:3、8:2时,有害组分占比可分别降至22.74%、17.57%.研究显示,共热解产生的协同作用可减少有害物质的生成,提高热解油产率,在油基钻屑无害化、资源化利用与生物质开发中具有良好的应用前景.      

尿素热解系统性能影响因素分析

尿素热解技术在SCR烟气脱硝工艺中应用较广,其性能直接关系污染物NO-_x的达标排放和脱硝装置运行的经济性。文章根据2台机组尿素热解系统的设备配置、设计参数、运行参数和实际性能测试结果对比,系统分析各因素对尿素热解转化率和单位产氨量电耗等性能指标的影响。提高电加热器入口热风温度和尿素溶液浓度,合理控制入口风量、尿素溶液流量和热解炉出口温度,降低热风含尘量,保证雾化空气品质,可以提高尿素热解转化率、降低单位产氨量电耗,进而提高现有尿素热解装置产氨量、降低系统运行成本。     

燃煤电厂污染减排成本有效性分析及超低排放政策讨论

中国的空气污染与以煤为主的能源结构关系密切.燃煤电厂是中国煤炭消费量最大且大气污染物排放量最大的部门,因此,也必然成为污染物排放控制的主要对象.针对最近公布的电厂超低排放政策,本文采用成本有效性评估方法对燃煤电厂污染物减排进行了分析,研究结果表明：全面进行超低排放改造以实现污染物减排的成本高昂,其中,燃煤电厂超低排放改造的脱硫、脱硝、除尘的单位减排成本分别为：4.46万元/t,2.35万元/t,0.43万元/t.现有燃煤电厂实施超低排放的行业成本较高;鉴于其他燃煤部门技术水平相对落后、排放标准宽松,现阶段是否首先针对燃煤电厂全面实施超低排放改造需要更为全面的环境经济评估.基于本文的分析,以度电成本为衡量指标将会误导超低排放改造的减排路径选择.研究结论表明：燃煤电厂行业最低成本超低排放改造,应从规模较小、煤质水平较差的机组开始.     

金属盐催化生物质热解动力学特性研究

在论述国内外生物质热解技术研究进展的基础上,就金属盐对生物质的催化热解展开动力学研究。以秸秆、稻壳和稻草为原料,利用热重分析仪等实验设备进行热解实验,即在对典型的生物质及生物质和金属盐的混合物进行热解特性实验研究的基础上,分析反应速率与各项物理因素（如金属盐种类、浓度、升温速率等）之间的关系。实验结果表明,金属盐对生物质热解反应具有促进作用,在一定范围内其浓度增加,热解转化率增加,反应速度提高。     

秸秆替代煤高炉喷吹的能源消耗及环境影响比较

以秸秆替代部分煤进行高炉喷吹,对收集、运输、破碎和喷吹等过程进行了能源消耗和环境影响的差异性比较。考虑到碱负、荷对高炉顺行的影响,秸秆在煤中的混入比最大应在10%左右。秸秆喷吹的能耗较高,与煤相比,原煤消耗量增加了1倍以上,原油消耗量增加了4倍左右。从秸秆的收集到破碎,污染物排放量都比煤高,尤其在破碎过程,各种污染物的排放量是煤的7倍左右。在高炉喷吹利用过程中,秸秆与煤的CO_2、CO和高炉渣的排放量相差不大。由于秸秆生物质的碳循环特点,冶炼1 t铁水可减少CO_2排放量23kg。根据我国排污费标准和国际CO_2排放指标交易市场价,用秸秆替代煤喷吹,生产1t铁水可降低环境成本2.23元。对于一座2 500 m³高炉,每年可减排CO_2 5.63万t,总环境成本可以降低550万元。     

污泥基生物炭导电性能的构效机制研究

本文通过制备工艺参数的调控,探究芳香化程度、缺陷程度、表面官能团等微结构与污泥基生物炭导电性能之间的构效机制.结果表明:污泥基生物炭芳香化程度越高,其π-π共轭结构越有利于电子的传递,因而导电性能越强.同时,与纯生物质炭规律相反,生物炭的缺陷程度随热解温度的升高而增大.结合XRD对污泥基生物炭成分的分析,该规律可能与污泥中难分解物质在生物炭表面的分布有关.热解温度为900℃,热解时间为30min条件下制备的生物炭电阻率仅为6.834?·cm,已经和纯生物质炭的导电性能极为接近.电化学测试表明低温(≤600℃)下制备的生物炭可能主要通过表面的氧化还原基团或金属完成电子转移,而高温下(>600℃)制备的生物炭则主要依赖其类石墨化结构完成电子的传导.     

秸秆发电环保性能研究

文章阐述了国内外秸秆发电现状,并单独突出了江苏省秸秆发电情况。分析了秸秆发电过程中产生污染物的控制技术;通过秸秆与煤炭对比研究,同时结合国内秸秆电厂运行情况,对技术改造前后污染物排放情况作了对比分析,阐明了秸秆发电的环保性能,结果显示,CO2、SO2、烟尘、灰渣减排量可观。最后结合国内秸秆发电厂运行现状不乐观的情况,总结了秸秆发电实际运行中存在成本偏高、核心技术不成熟、灰渣利用等问题。     

秸秆生物质环境材料的制备及对水中多环芳烃的处理性能

300～700℃下热解炭化黄豆、芝麻、玉米秸秆8h,制备了秸秆生物质环境材料,测定了秸秆生物质环境材料的BET比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力.以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中单一和复合PAHs的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,其对亚甲基蓝、碘的吸附...     

盐酸水解残渣和煤混燃污染物排放特性研究

在试样质量及其他试验条件基本相同情况下,对不同温度下单一的煤、渣、11∶渣与煤的混料及其做成的有型燃料随温度变化污染物排放特性进行了研究,渣和煤混料或制成有型燃料燃烧能大大降低HCl、SO2和NO2气体排放。结果表明,混合燃烧盐酸水解残渣和煤的有型燃料,不仅解决了大量残渣给环境带来的固体废物污染,而且能综合利用废物和煤炭资源,降低锅炉燃烧中污染物的排放。     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

新疆伴生放射性煤矿监管体系初探

新疆是中国富煤省(区)之一,约占全国煤炭储量的40%。在长期的放射性科研、监测和环境影响评价工作中,发现部分地区的部分煤炭中伴生有较高的放射性核素,部分煤层甚至达到了核工业开采水平。然而关于伴生放射性煤矿监管方面的法律、法规尚未健全,监管体系尚处于探索之中。本文尝试从煤矿企业的地质勘探报告、辐射环境影响评价、项目竣工环境保护验收监测及监督性监测等环节入手,从源头上控制煤炭的放射性污染,初步探讨新疆伴生放射性煤矿监管体系。一方面将为企业的煤炭开发、煤渣利用提供技术指导,另一方面为新疆环境监管部门加强伴生放射性煤矿监管提供决策依据。     

Preventing mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants using environmentally preferable coal purchasing practices

Electric utilities in the United States will soon be required under the federal Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Mercury Rule to significantly reduce mercury emissions. Coal-fired power plants, including the Lower Colorado River Authority's (LCRA) Fayette Power Project (FPP) have demonstrated that the selective purchasing of coal with low mercury content can result in significant reduction of pollution. This selective activity, commonly known as “green purchasing”, has been applied to the procurement of coal. For example, the use of low-sulfur coal from the Powder River Basin deposits of Wyoming results in the prevention of a significant amount of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) releases to the atmosphere when compared to other sources of coal in the United States. This same philosophy (selective purchasing of coal) can be employed to prevent mercury emissions and substantially reduce mercury removal costs for electric utilities burning coal. Data analysis confirms that low-mercury coal is available and that selective purchasing of low-mercury coal is possible.LCRA has implemented an extensive pollution prevention program and their green purchasing efforts have been expanded to influence coal purchasing choices. Coal purchasing is limited to the Gillette Coal Field from the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming. Three sets of coal quality data which include LCRA's Coal Quality Database (CQD), a database created from the Information Collection Request (ICR) conducted by the EPA in 1999, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coal Quality (COALQUAL) Database were analyzed. Lab accuracy issues were found to have undermined the reliability of certain records in both the CQD and ICR databases, however, both remain valuable resources. The independent sets of coal quality data and technical reports show measurable differences in mercury concentration in coal in the Gillette Coal Field, both geographically (coal mine) and by depth (coal seam). A preliminary cost benefit analysis indicates that substantial cost savings in operating and maintaining mercury control equipment will be realized with low-mercury coal. Currently, low-mercury coal can be purchased without a significant premium.     

流化床中RDF焚烧时CO、SO2和HCl的生成

在非均匀布风流化床中进行了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)与煤的混烧试验，测量了H2O、CO、CO2、NO、N2O、HCl、SO2等污染物质的排放特性．结果表明与单纯燃烧RDF相比，混烧时的CO生成量大大下降；SO2生成浓度较低，而HCl的生成量比单纯烧煤时明显增加．     

A Greenhouse Gas Balance of two Existing International Biomass Import Chains

Various utility companies are considering or already initiated the import of biomass from abroad for electricity generation, especially via co-firing in coal-fired power plants. This results in international logistic biomass supply chains, which raise questions on the environmental performance of such chains. In this study, a life cycle inventory has been performed on two existing biomass import chains to evaluate the greenhouse gas balance of biomass import for co-firing. We considered production, transport and co-firing of wood pellets from Canada and palm kernel shells from Malaysia in a 600 MW _e coal-fired power plant in the Netherlands. Those chains are compared with various reference systems for energy production and the alternative use of biomass. Primary energy savings of these import and co-firing chains are between 70% and 100% of the biomass energy content. Net avoided greenhouse gas emissions are in the range of 340–2100 g/kWh. In the most optimistic scenario, pellet co-firing avoids methane emissions that would have occurred if the pellets were decomposed at landfills when not applied for energy production. In the most pessimistic scenario, palm kernel shell co-firing competes with the application as resource for animal feed production, which requires production and transport of an alternative resource. As the energy reference systems of the importing and exporting country and the alternative application of biomass have a significant impact on the net avoided greenhouse gas emissions, these factors should be considered explicitly when studying biomass trade for energy purposes.     

双硫腙分光光度法测铅的改进

《水和废水监测分析方法》（第三版）中，双硫腙分光光度法测铅是用三氯甲烷溶解双硫腙的，本文改用四氯化碳作溶剂，并找出最佳操作条件。改进后的方法，操作简便，测定结果稳定，重现性好。     

Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO₂ capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. Although the actual role of bio-energy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bio-energy of 40–55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1–2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). Sugar cane based ethanol production already provides a competitive biofuel production system in tropical regions and further improvements are possible. Flexible energy systems, in which biomass and fossil fuels can be used in combination, could be the backbone for a low risk, low cost and low carbon emission energy supply system for large scale supply of fuels and power and providing a framework for the evolution of large scale biomass raw material supply systems. The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO₂ capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Prolonged RD&D efforts and biomass market development, consistent policy support and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.     

我国农村推广秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术探讨

从提高秸秆类生物质利用效率与利用价值、提高农民生活质量与生活品位、减少污染、充分利用可再生能源资源和延缓不可再生能源资源的持续利用等,阐明推广应用秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术的重要意义;介绍气化基本原理与工艺流程,秸秆类生物质粉碎后通过干燥、裂解反应、氧化反应和还原反应,即可完成气化全过程;气化工程由燃气发生炉机组、储气柜、输气管网和用户燃气设备4部分组成;秸秆类生物质燃气与城市管道煤气具有共同的特点。     

煤矸石-土壤混合基质对小白菜生长的影响及Pb迁移规律

盆栽试验研究了施用不同量煤矸石(0%、13%、26%、40%、53%)对贫瘠土壤改良的效果和对小白菜生长品质的影响。结果表明:(1)混合基质中Pb的迁移能力较差,小白菜中Pb积累量与植物体生物量具有正相关关系;(2)小白菜的发芽率、根系长度、地面以上株高和生物量等均在煤矸石施入比例为26%时达到最佳,发芽率、地面以上株高和干重分别增加23%、23.05%和20.62%;施入煤矸石超过40%时将导致各项指标有所下降;(3)采用单因子污染指数法进行食品质量评价,加入煤矸石量分别为0%、13%和26%时,产品污染指数分别为0.69、0.79和0.93,属于清洁水平;而加入煤矸石量为40%和53%时,污染指数分别为1.12(轻污染水平)和1.38(轻污染水平)。煤矸石可增加植物生长过程所需营养物质而作为贫瘠土壤的改良剂,实现煤矸石资源化并改善矿区生态环境。