SBAR内不同有机负荷下2种好氧颗粒污泥形成及除磷性能

在SBAR中首先采用低有机负荷继而提高负荷的方法成功培养出2种不同类型的好氧颗粒污泥。在长期培养过程中,对SBAR系统中的微生物特征包括污泥浓度、SVI沉降指数等指标及系统对废水中COD和氮磷去除性能进行评估。在稳定阶段,通过在不同浓度NaCl溶液中测试和对比SBAR内2种颗粒污泥的沉降性能。结果表明,系统经过89 d的低有机负荷(0.75 kg COD/(m3·d))运行,小颗粒污泥缓慢形成,表面光滑,外观规则为近似球形;大幅度提高有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/(m3·d))促使大颗粒污泥的快速形成,多数为椭球形,并且颗粒边缘清晰透明;经过93 d稳定运行,成熟的小颗粒和大颗粒的平均直径分别为0.35 mm 和1.35 mm;随着大颗粒污泥的增多,系统除磷效果明显增强;在不同盐浓度(0%~15%)条件下大颗粒污泥比小颗粒污泥沉降速度更高;小颗粒污泥在大于2%的NaCl溶液出现悬浮现象而大颗粒仅在15%的NaCl溶液出现悬浮现象,进一步说明大颗粒污泥密度相对较大。     

负荷及盐度对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的影响

研究了序批式反应器(SBR)内好氧颗粒污泥在不同有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/（m³·d）和8 kg COD/（m³·d)）和不同含盐(2.5%和5.0%)条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化情况,并对EPS、比耗氧速率(SOUR)和孔隙率之间的关系作了进一步探讨。结果表明：在SBR反应器中,负荷较含盐量对好氧颗粒污泥EPS变化的影响要显著,且EPS糖成分和SOUR之间、EPS蛋白成分和孔隙率之间均呈负相关。另外,高负荷条件下的系统稳定性要优于低负荷。     

高有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定性能的影响

为探究高有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)对好氧颗粒污泥在序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中的形成和稳定性能的影响及高OLR条件下微生物群落结构的特征,采用连续监测方法对运行过程中颗粒污泥形貌、水质、沉降性能以及EPS的变化进行探究。结果表明：在OLR为14.4 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹的条件下,颗粒化进程较快,43 d完成颗粒造粒;并且高OLR引起丝状菌在颗粒表面大量附着,造成颗粒沉降性能和水质处理能力不稳定;通过改变进水中蛋白胨的占比来抑制丝状菌生长,使好氧颗粒污泥系统重新恢复稳定;在此过程中,混合液悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid suspended solids,MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid volatile suspended solids,MLVSS)随OLR的增加而增加,但受丝状菌增加的影响会下降,而在丝状菌消除之后,MLSS和MLVSS恢复增长;SVI随OLR的增加不断下降,而受丝状菌增加的影响会呈现上升趋势,在丝状菌消除后,颗粒沉降性能恢复,SV₃₀/SV₅在1.0左右波动;胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)受OLR和丝状菌影响较大,尤其是紧密结合型的EPS;恢复正常的颗粒污泥可高效去除进水中的COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN,去除率分别为91.5%、92.0%和79.4%;采用MiSeq高通量测序的方法发现高OLR下好氧颗粒污泥中去除有机物和氮的优势菌门为Saccharibacteria、Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria;异养硝化、好氧反硝化菌丰度较高。由此可以看出,异养硝化-好氧反硝化可能是好氧颗粒污泥的主要脱氮方式。本研究结果可为SBR系统控制好氧颗粒污泥中丝状菌的生长,维持好氧颗粒污泥稳定性提供参考。     

Formation of organic tracers for isoprene SOA under acidic conditions

The chemical compositions of a series of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) samples, formed by irradiating mixtures of isoprene and NO in a smog chamber in the absence or presence of acidic aerosols, were analyzed using derivatization-based GC–MS methods. In addition to the known isoprene photooxidation products 2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylthreitol, and 2-methylerythritol, three other peaks of note were detected: one of these was consistent with a silylated-derivative of sulfuric acid, while the remaining two were other oxidized organic compounds detected only when acidic aerosol was present. These two oxidation products were also detected in field samples, and their presence was found to be dependent on both the apparent degree of aerosol acidity as well as the availability of isoprene aerosol. The average concentrations of the sum of these two compounds in the ambient PM_2.5 samples ranged from below the GC–MS detection limit during periods when the isoprene emission rate or apparent acidity were low to approximately 200 ng m^?3 (calibrations being based on a surrogate compound) during periods of high isoprene emissions. These compounds presently unidentified have the potential to serve as organic tracers of isoprene SOA formed exclusively in the presence of acidic aerosol and may also be useful in assessments in determining the importance and impact of aerosol acidity on ambient SOA formation.     

有机负荷影响好氧颗粒污泥特性的研究

好氧颗粒污泥形成后,逐步提高进水有机负荷(OLR)至好氧颗粒污泥解体,分析OLR对系统运行特性、污泥表面特性及胞外蛋白和多糖的影响.进水OLR在4～8 g/(L·d)、污泥负荷(SLR)稳定在0.42～0.77 g/(g·d)、污泥龄为17.8～60.0 d时,好氧颗粒污泥系统处于最优运行阶段.好氧颗粒污泥形成后,随着进水OLR的提高,十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)能够直观地反映出胞外蛋白分泌量逐渐减少,而多糖分泌量呈相反趋势,导致蛋白/多糖(PN/PS,质量比)值从4.8降至0.9左右.当进水OLR从4 g/(L·d)增至12 g/(L·d)时,污泥表面相对疏水性从75.8%降至38.5%,这可能与胞外蛋白分泌量减少及多糖分泌量增加有关.PN/PS值的降低可能是好氧颗粒污泥在高OLR下解体的内在原因.因此,微生物分泌的胞外多聚物(EPS)中较高的PN/PS值利于好氧颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行.     

Formation of aerobic granules in the presence of a synthetic chelating agent

This paper examines the development of aerobic granular sludge in the presence of a synthetic chelating agent, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), in sequencing batch reactors (SBR). The growth of seed sludge at 0.26 mM, 0.52 mM and 1.05 mM of NTA was found to be significantly lower as compared to that in the absence of NTA. Aerobic granulation was significantly enhanced in the three SBRs (R2, R3 and R4), which were fed with 0.26 mM, 0.52 mM and 1.05 mM of NTA as a co-substrate, in comparison to the acetate-alone fed SBR (R1). After 2 months of operation, the mean diameter of the biomass stabilized at 0.35 mm in R1 (acetate alone), as compared to 2.18 mm in R4 (1.05 mM NTA+acetate). NTA degradation was established in SBRs, with almost complete removal during the SBR cycle. Batch experiments also showed efficient degradation of NTA by the aerobic granules.     

序批式反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的污泥颗粒化及污染物去除性能研究

应用序批式反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,经过37 d的运行,反应器内出现小粒径颗粒污泥。第50 d,反应器中污泥完全颗粒化。稳定运行期间,反应器内污泥的平均粒径为0.7 mm;SVI5min一直维持在较低的水平(27~47 mL/g);MLSS基本稳定在3 700~4 500 mg/L;当COD和氨氮的平均进水浓度为2 150 mg/L和312 mg/L时,平均出水浓度分别为540 mg/L和35 mg/L,去除率分别为75%和89%。     

Rate of microbial degradation of high concentrations of α-hexachlorocyclohexane in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

A case study was carried out to determine the bio-degradability of α-HCH in waste dumps polluted with HCH-isomers. Polluted soil was homogenized through a 2 mm sieve. The degradation of α-HCH (5300 mg kg^?1) occurred under anaerobic as well as under aerobic conditions; the concentration decreased in 20 weeks with 35% and 55% respectively. Addition of glucose, glutamic acid and peptone to the polluted soil hardly affected the degradation rate of α-HCH.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能

为考察不同接种污泥培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的可行性,分别采用絮状活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在气升内循环序批式反应器(SBAR)中进行好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养,探讨不同性质的种泥对好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能影响。结果表明,以絮状活性污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥均可培养出好氧硝化颗粒污泥,其颗粒成熟时间分别为62和80 d,SVI为25.52和27.68 mL/g,氨氮去除率为93.15%和75.43%,COD去除率在90%以上, SOUR、Zeta和EPS显著提高,微生物活性及疏水性能增强,以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧硝化颗粒污泥性能更优。     

三氯乙烯好氧生物降解的初步研究

工业溶剂三氯乙烯 (TCE)是地下水污染物中发现的最普遍的氯代化合物。本研究的目的是评价以葡萄糖为初始基质时好氧条件下TCE生物降解的可行性 ,以及以TCE为单一基质时的生物降解情况。微生物培养是在好氧条件下以驯化好的活性污泥作为接种体。实验结果表明 ,在 2 5℃时 ,葡萄糖可以在好氧条件下作为共代谢基质使TCE发生生物降解 ,其一级反应速率常数为 0 32 12d-1,半衰期为 2 16d ;TCE可以作为单一基质发生好氧生物转化 ,其一级反应速率常数为 0 2 6 2 4d-1,半衰期为 2 6 4d ;降解过程中无二氯乙烯 (DCE)和氯乙烯 (VC)等中间产物的形成 ;表明葡萄糖共代谢降解TCE的速率大于TCE作为单一基质的降解速率。     

Dynamic comparison on the usage of probiotics in organic wastewater treatment under aerobic conditions in a diurnal environment

This study aims at evaluating and comparing pollution removal in wastewater treatment via the use of probiotics alone or in combination under aerobic conditions in diurnal cycles. Herein, 650 mL of organic wastewater was stored in 1-L conical flasks and then randomly divided into three treatment groups, each experiment was repeated three times. Group A was supplemented with 2% (v/v) photosynthetic bacteria (PSB; Rhodopseudomonas palustris) alone; group B was supplemented with 2% (v/v) B. subtilis alone; and group C was supplemented with 1% (v/v) PSB and 1% (v/v) B. subtilis. Results showed that the pH increases were in the order: group A < group C < group B. The performance of the probiotics in terms of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen (TN) removal was in the order: group A < group C < group B, whereas in terms of total organic matter (TOC) and total carbon (TC) removal, the order was group C < group B < group A. These results showed that the effect of probiotics combination treatment on ammonia nitrogen and TN removal was better than that of using B. subtilis alone, but worse than that of using PSB alone. The effect of B. subtilis alone treatment on TOC and TC removal was better than that of using PSB alone, but the combination of PSB and B. subtilis showed greater benefits on TOC and TC removal.

Implications: Photosynthetic bacteria and B. subtilis were used in this study to investigate carbon and nitrogen metabolism via the use of different probiotics and then study further on comparing and achieving the best pollution removal performance in probiotics alone or in combination treatment. To make observations realistic, the experiments were conducted under aerobic conditions in a diurnal cycle environment.     

Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions

The aerobic biodegradation of five triacylglycerols (TAGs), three liquids [triolein (OOO), trilinolein (LLL), and trilinolenin (LnLnLn)] and two solids [tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS)] was studied in water. Respirometry tests were designed and conducted to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameters of the compounds. In the case of the solid lipids, the degradation process was limited by their extremely non-polar nature. When added to water, PPP and SSS formed irregular clumps or gumballs, not a fine and uniform suspension required for the lipase activity. After 30 days, appreciable mineralization was not achieved; therefore, first-order biodegradation coefficients could not be determined. The bioavailability of the liquid TAGs was restricted due to the presence of double bonds in the fatty acids (FAs). An autoxidation process occurred in the allylic chains, resulting in the production of hydroperoxides. These compounds polymerized and became non-biodegradable. Nevertheless, the non-oxidized fractions were readily mineralized, and BOD rate constants were estimated by non-linear regression: LLL (k = 0.0061 h⁻¹) and LnLnLn (k = 0.0071 h⁻¹) were degraded more rapidly than OOO (k = 0.0025 h⁻¹). Lipids strongly partitioned to the biomass and, therefore, Microtox^® toxicity was not observed in the water column. However, EC₅₀ values (<15% sample volume) were measured in the solid phase.     

Biotransformation of estrogens in nitrifying activated sludge under aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions.

Natural and synthetic estrogens present in municipal wastewater can be biodegraded during treatment, particularly in activated sludge. The objective was to assess the extent of transformation of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by nitrifying activated sludge and evaluate potential relationships between availability of oxygen, nitrification rate, and estrogen removal. For each batch experiment, two reactors were set up--aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic-which were then amended with E2 and EE2 from methanolic stock solutions. The EE2 was persistent under anoxic conditions; under aerobic conditions, the observed level of its removal was 22%. The E2 was readily converted to estrone (El)--faster under aerobic (nitrifying) than anoxic (denitrifying) conditions. During the initial anoxic conditions, a metabolite consistent with 17-alpha-estradiol transiently accumulated and was subsequently removed when the reactor was aerated. Higher removal rates of estrogens were associated with higher nitrification rates, which supports the contention that the nitrifying biomass was responsible for their removal.     

餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最优有机负荷及失稳指标

为探究餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最佳有机负荷及失稳预警指标,在(36±1) ℃单相连续搅拌条件下进行有机负荷(OLR)梯度实验。通过理论及数学分析确定90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化的最佳OLR和失稳指标。当OLR（以VS计）为2.94 g?(L?d)-1时,挥发性固体去除率、甲烷产率、容积沼气产率分别为78%、0.58 L?g-1VS、2.99 L?(L?d)-1,此时厌氧反应器达到最佳运行状态。一定浓度的游离氨(FAN)会抑制微生物活性,触发挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,造成容积沼气产率降低,第36天,当OLR增至3.21 g?(L?d)-1时,FAN浓度升至区域峰值207 mg?L-1,但随后骤降35.9%（39 d）,分别造成VFA和挥发性脂肪酸浓度与碳酸氢盐碱度的比值(VFA/TA)从第37天的1 897 mg?L-1、0.22升高至第47天的4 755 mg?L-1、0.73,系统进入抑制稳定状态,最终导致容积沼气产率从第47天的2.66 L?(L?d)-1降至第48天的1.88 L?(L?d)-1,系统恶化。协同分析表明,当VFA和VFA/TA分别达到2 500 mg?L-1和0.35并出现持续上升的现象时,能提前7～8 d对90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化系统的失稳提出预警。     

Biodegradation of triclosan and formation of methyl-triclosan in activated sludge under aerobic conditions

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent which is widely used in household and personal care products. Widespread use of this compound has led to the elevated concentrations of triclosan in wastewater, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving waters. Removal of triclosan and formation of triclosan-methyl was investigated in activated sludge from a standard activated sludge WWTP equipped with enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The removal was found to occur mainly under aerobic conditions while under anoxic (nitrate reducing) and anaerobic conditions rather low removal rates were determined. In a laboratory-scale activated sludge reactor 75% of the triclosan was removed under aerobic conditions within 150 h, while no removal was observed under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. One percent of the triclosan was converted to triclosan-methyl under aerobic conditions, less under anoxic (nitrate reducing) and none under anaerobic conditions.     

常温下好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程及除污性能

接种产絮脱氮菌剂TN-14强化普通活性污泥在常温下实现快速颗粒化。研究了污泥颗粒化过程中污泥形态、浓度(MLSS)、体积指数(SVI)、粒径分布、胞外多糖(PS)和蛋白(PN)的变化规律,以及除污性能。结果表明,反应器污泥在45 d内完全实现颗粒化,成熟颗粒污泥粒径多在0.6~1.0 mm之间;颗粒化期间,系统内污泥浓度略有增加,而污泥体积指数SVI值呈下降趋势。污泥PS和PN含量均明显增加,成熟稳定期污泥PS和PN含量分别维持在84.22~90.46 mg/g MLVSS以及294.22~345.26 mg/g MLVSS。污泥颗粒化后对污水除污能力都有一定的提高,颗粒污泥稳定运行阶段出水COD、氨氮、TN和TP值都能满足一级A类排放标准(GB18918-2002)。     

Microbial bioavailability of pyrene in three laboratory-contaminated soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Changes in bioavailability of pyrene in three uncontaminated soils were examined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three soils were aerobically aged with pyrene and [(14)C]pyrene for 63 days, then incubated with water, nitrate, or sulfate under aerobic or anaerobic conditions for one year. Under aerobic conditions, microorganisms in two soils mineralized 58-82% of the added [(14)C]pyrene. The two soils amended with nitrate were seen to have enhanced aerobic mineralization rates. In one of these soils, non-extractable pyrene was seen to decrease over the course of the study due to desorption and mineralization, nitrate amendment enhanced this effect. Under anaerobic conditions, generated with a N(2):CO(2)(g) headspace, two soils with nitrate or sulfate amendment showed an increase in extractable [(14)C]pyrene at 365 days relative to inhibited controls, presumably due to microbially mediated oxidation-reduction potential and pH alteration of the soil environment. These observations in different soils incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions have important implications relative to the impact of microbial electron acceptors on bioavailability and transport of non-polar organic compounds in the environment suggesting that, given enough time, under the appropriate environmental conditions, non-extractable material becomes bioavailable. This information should be considered when assessing site specific exposure risks at PAH contaminated locations.     

好氧颗粒污泥强化解体实验与机理研究

在120r／min的搅拌及pH=1的强酸条件下,进行好氧颗粒污泥的强化解体实验,研究颗粒污泥的总数、平均粒径和粒径分布的变化情况。在15h实验时间内,搅拌强化解体的颗粒平均粒径从1230μm降至320μm,颗粒总数从30个／mL增至193个／mL。强酸强化解体结果类似,但解体时间为110h。搅拌比强酸对颗粒解体的强化作用更明显。粒径分布结果显示,小颗粒所占比例明显增加。颗粒解体过程中粒径分布均符合对数正态分布,但颗粒粒径的期望值石,随解体时间明显减小。根据颗粒的解体机理,即4种解体类型：破碎、破裂、剥落和研磨,结合实验结果,将解体过程分为对数期、平缓期、二次对数期和稳定期。     

含盐量对好氧颗粒污泥形成过程的影响

研究了不同含盐梯度废水下好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程.在反应器 R1 中,其含盐量一直维持 1%,其颗粒成中空结构;在 R2、R3 中,其含盐量由 1%提高到 2.5%时,其颗粒发生膨胀破碎;在 R3 中,其含盐量由 2.5%提高到 5%时,其颗粒由疏松变为密实.另外,溶解氧消耗速率(SOUR)随着含盐量的增加而降低.在含盐量为 2.5%时,好氧颗粒污泥的耐盐菌与非耐盐菌均处于不利的生长环境,此时好氧颗粒污泥处于最不稳定的状态,容易发生解体.