大气环境分区管理:以广东省为例

从区域大气环境管理的角度出发,提出大气环境分区管理的理念.以广东省地区为例,利用空气质量数值模拟和卫星遥感反演分析相结合的方法,从气象要素模拟场、浓度要素模拟场和卫星图像解译中筛选出关键因子,形成大气环境管理分区指标体系,在此基础上,利用层次聚类分析法将广东省划分为严格控制区、持续改善区和协调发展区这3种大气环境管理分区类型.结果表明,广东省大气环境管理严格控制区、持续改善区和协调发展区分别占16.3%、28.0%和55.7%.严格控制区在珠三角、粤东、粤西和粤北所占的比例分别为27.9%、19.3%、4.4%和12.5%,区域内应实施最严格的大气环境管理政策以推动空气质量改善;持续改善区在珠三角、粤东、粤西和粤北所占的比例分别为34.4%、15.8%、7.8和34.5%,区域内应实施相对严格的大气环境管理政策以保障持续稳定达标;协调发展区在珠三角、粤东、粤西和粤北所占的比例分别为37.7%、64.9%、87.8%和53.0%,区域内应实施较为宽松的大气环境管理政策以保障相对良好的空气质量.总体而言,广东省大气环境管理压力主要集中在珠三角地区,粤北、粤东地区次之,粤西地区大气环境管理压力最小.     

The CAR model: The Dutch method to determine city street air quality

The CAR model (Calculation of Air pollution from Road traffic) is a simple parameterized model for the determination of air quality alongside roads (including street canyons) in cities. The calibration of the model, using data from the Dutch National Air Quality Monitoring Network, is described and a limited validation of the model is given. The model supports the implementation of air quality decrees under the Air Pollution Act by provincial and municipal authorities. Various applications of the model, including a scenario analysis for city street air quality in the Netherlands in the period 1989–2010, are presented.     

LGH-01型空气质量连续自动监测系统的有关问题探讨

针对LGH-01型空气质量连续自动监测系统在大庆市空气质量自动监测站的有关维护运行问题,总结出一些有效的工作经验和操作方法供大家参考。     

Overview of current regional and local scale air quality modelling practices: Assessment and planning tools in the EU

The 2008 European Air Quality Directive (AQD) (2008/50/EC) encourages the use of models in combination with monitoring in a range of applications. It also requires Member States to design appropriate air quality plans for zones where the air quality does not comply with the AQD limit values. In order to cope with these various elements, a wide range of different modeling methods have been developed and applied by EU Member States in the last decade to assess the effects of local and regional emission abatement policy options on air quality and human health. However, an overall review of the methodologies that are used in different countries to compile local and regional air quality plans has not been performed so far. Such a review has been the objective of the APPRAISAL EU FP7 project with the main goal to identify methodologies and their limitations and to propose possible key areas to be addressed by research and innovation on the basis of this review. To fulfill these objectives, a structured online database of methodologies has been developed in collaboration with experts involved in the design of air quality plans (AQP). The current work relies on the APPRAISAL database which currently totals 59 contributions from 13 Member States. In this paper we summarize the outcome of the APPRAISAL project with respect to the review of current Integrated Assessment Modeling practices.     

A policy review of synergies and trade-offs in South African climate change mitigation and air pollution control strategies

Climate change mitigation and air quality management are mostly addressed separately in South African legal acts and policies. This approach is not always coherent, especially in the context of other serious issues South Africa is facing, such as poverty alleviation. Policies implemented to mitigate climate change might increase negative health affects due to unanticipated outcomes (e.g. increased local air pollution), and these indirect consequences must therefore be taken into account when devising mitigation strategies. However, greenhouse gas mitigation policies can also have co-benefits and positive impacts on local air pollution. An evidence-based approach that takes into account greenhouse gas emissions, ambient air pollutants, economic factors (affordability, cost optimisation), social factors (poverty alleviations, public health benefits), and political acceptability is needed tackle these challenges. A proposal is made that use of an integrated climate/air pollution techno-economic optimising model, such as the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Synergies (GAINS) model, may provide a rational decision support tool to guide policy makers into effective strategies for combined Climate Change and Air Quality mitigation measures.     

Policy implementation of catchment-scale flood risk management: Learning from Scotland and England

Recent years have seen a gradual adoption of a “catchment-scale” approach to flood risk management into European policy-making which, amongst other objectives, promotes rural land use change to reduce flood risk. While some exploratory studies of land managers’ attitudes exist, research is lacking on how public policies can be mobilised locally to implement these ideas. Two local initiatives were analysed in the transboundary River Tweed basin in Scotland and England during which public authorities negotiated with land managers. A combination of documents (N = 21) and interviews (N = 63) forms the basis of the data analysed. The results showed that implementation is highly dependent on the local policy framework, the activities of implementers, and land managers’ responses to (combination of) policy instruments. Several factors were identified influencing implementation such as devolution arrangements (i.e. from national to regional/local), the level of local interest on flood risk, local attitudes to compromise and collaboration, available policy instruments, and the existence of participatory catchment organisations. With limited scope for stand-alone regulatory action or funding in the short term, synergies and measures promoting co-benefits in flood risk management should be further sought in the Water Framework Directive River Basin Management Plans, as well as in cross-compliance and the new agri-environment-climate strategies of the common agricultural policy.     

北京夏季SO_2-NO_2-O_3的DOAS观测结果及变化特征

利用实施北京市奥运空气质量保障计划"北京市与周边地区空气污染物的输送、转化及北京市空气质量目标研究"项目的有利时机,2006年8月对北京城区空气污染物进行加强观测。文章利用SO2、NO2和O3等污染气体的差分吸收光谱仪(DOAS)的观测数据,初步分析这些污染气体的变化特征,得到了一些有价值的结果:2006年8月空气质量总体较好,但NO2和O3小时平均浓度有时超标;北京8月份主导风向是东南风,空气对流活动及降水可明显降低大气中的污染物浓度;NO2污染主要来自局地污染源排放,O3污染来自光化学反应和大气输送;DOAS观测结果与北京市环境保护局发布的空气污染指数间具有比较好的一致性。     

Applying integrated assessment methodologies to air quality plans: Two European cases

Air pollution Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) can be used for determining how emissions should be reduced to improve air quality and to protect human health in a cost-efficient way. The application of IAM is also useful to spread information to the general public and to explain the effectiveness of proposed Air Quality Plans. In this paper, the application of the RIAT+ system to determine suitable abatement measures to improve the air quality at a regional/local level is presented for two European cases: the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) and the Porto Urban Area (Portugal). Both regions are affected with PM10 or NO₂ concentrations that exceed the limit values specified by the European Union legislation. To properly assess air quality abatement measures a surrogate model was used, allowing the implementation of an efficient optimization procedure. This model is derived in both cases through a set of simulations performed using a Chemistry Transport Model fed with different emission reduction scenarios. In addition, internal costs (due to the implementation of emission reduction measures) and external costs (due to population exposure to air pollutant concentrations) of policy options were considered. The application of this integrated assessment modelling system in scenario (Brussels case) and optimization (Porto) modes contributes to identifying some advantages and limitations of these two approaches and also provides some guidance when urban air quality has to be assessed.     

我国环境空气颗粒物质量基准研究框架及研究体系的构建

空气颗粒物来源广泛、组成复杂,我国目前尚未有一套基于完整科学理论和足量实测数据支持的颗粒物基准体系,导致其来源、暴露水平、健康和环境风险信息量不足,相关标准制、修订的依据不足. 解析了美国环境空气质量管理的模式,并追踪了美国基准文件的发布历程和世界卫生组织导则值的发布和修订历程. 辨析了环境空气颗粒物质量基准与标准的内涵,分析了空气颗粒物质量基准研究对环境空气质量标准制/修订的支撑作用. 综合国外环境基准体系框架构成和已有研究成果,结合国内空气颗粒物质量基准研究现状和存在的问题,基于“污染源—环境空气浓度—暴露水平与剂量—健康/环境效应与风险”的各环节研究方法与目标,提出了“2-4-4”基准研究框架体系,即颗粒物质量基准研究包括空气颗粒物人体健康基准和空气颗粒物环境效应基准两部分,其中人体健康基准包括颗粒物污染特征与来源解析、个体暴露、剂量-效应关系及人体健康效应四部分,空气颗粒物环境效应基准包括颗粒物对生态系统、能见度、建筑物和材料、气候的影响四部分. 建议我国应开展大气污染健康影响前瞻性队列研究和对生态环境影响研究,采用多种方法,包括近期发展的暴露组学方法,系统研究空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5载带的有毒有害组分对公众健康的危害和风险;基于我国人群或区域调查结果,建立我国空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5环境质量基准体系,定期发布质量基准文件.      

编制城市交通道路环境空气质量监测技术规范的探讨

城镇化进程的加快和人们生活水平的提高,使城市机动车的保有量大幅增加.机动车排放的尾气已成为大中城市部分空气污染物的主要来源.在我国2007年颁布的《环境空气质量监测规范》(试行)中,没有相应和详细的技术规范对城市交通道路空气质量的监测作出技术指导.主要对编制城市典型交通道路环境空气质量监测技术规范进行了探讨,根据我国已开展的城市交通道路空气质量监测方面的研究,以及对北京、广州等城市所开展的交通道路空气质量监测与评价的研究成果,编制了《城市典型交通道路环境空气质量监测技术规范》(建议稿),对该建议稿的适用范围、布点原则、布点方法、监测项目、监测时间和频次等几个主要方面内容和编制依据进行了介绍.      

上海市浦东环境空气质量预报模式及环境状况探讨

将浦东新区空气自动监测系统监测数据与上海市空气质量日报数据进行比对 ,考察两者之间的定量关系 ,以简便的方法建立浦东环境空气质量预报模式 ,了解空气污染物在上海市区与浦东区域的分布状况差异 ,探讨造成差异的原因。     

A decision framework for Integrated Assessment Modelling of air quality at regional and local scale

Decision making in the field of air quality and greenhouses gases reductions can nowadays be supported by a clear overall framework and by computer tools that integrate the most relevant aspects of the problem. This approach is particularly important at local scale since new general rules on emission abatement at European level can only marginally modify the most critical hotspots and may be very costly. This paper adapts the general Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses (DPSIR) scheme proposed by the European Environment Agency to the specific case of local air quality policies and shows how the most recent scientific developments in impact evaluation and social acceptance can be integrated. The proposed decision framework represents a general methodology to design Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) systems aimed at the implementation of effective Air Quality Plans (AQP). An extensive survey across European countries shows the current degree of adoption of these approaches.     

空气质量预测系统

空气质量预测系统,是通过空气质量预测模式来实现的。系统中包括20多个大气环境质量模式。系统采用中文菜单管理,数据用全屏幕方式输入,结果输出有屏幕输出、打印机输出和绘浓度等值线图等方式。      

2005-2010年乌鲁木齐市空气质量达标特征研究

利用近6年（2005-2010年）乌鲁木齐市环境空气质量监测数据,分析研究了乌鲁木齐市PM10／SO2、NO2等主要污染物浓度时间变化和空气质量分级特征。结果表明：近6年来乌鲁木齐市空气质量保持稳定,并持续改善。主要污染物SO：和PM10年均浓度超标但整体呈下降趋势,N02浓度达标但逐年升高。冬季（1月、12月）空气质量达标天数显著增加,空气质量达标率由2005年的4．8％提高到2010年的24．2％;同期,重污染天气发生频率则由21％降低至3．2％。PM10是乌鲁木齐市冬季出现频数最高的首要污染物。     

室内环境空气质量研究进展

室内空气质量的问题在世界范围内的空气净化领域已形成研究的热点。该文对于造成室内空气质量下降的各种因素及室内污染物种类和主要来源、室内空气质量的分析评价方法和室内空气质量的控制手段作简要综述。     

国内外麻痹性贝类毒素风险预警及管控措施的比对分析

麻痹性贝类毒素是一类神经肌肉麻痹剂,对人体的作用机理主要是阻断细胞钠离子通道,造成神经系统传输障碍而产生麻痹作用。为保护消费者生命安全,加强我国对PSP的管理控制措施,笔者收集了爱尔兰、澳大利亚、加拿大、欧盟、美国以及英格兰、北爱尔兰、威尔士等发达国家和地区对PSP的风险预警及管理控制措施,比对分析了我国与国外发达地区在风险预警、监测频率、检测方法以及管理控制措施等方面存在的差异,并针对我国在PSP管理控制方面的不足提出了合理的建议,以期为我国行业主管部门建立PSP风险预警系统,进一步完善我国贝类养殖区有毒有害物质监控规划、科学监管贝类养殖生产区提供参考建议。     

珠三角区域空气质量指数(RAQI)的研究

区域空气质量指数(Regional Air Quality Index,RAQI)是粤港政府联合发布、反映珠三角区域内不同地区的空气质量状况的评级系统。虽然RAQI综合考虑了空气污染的总量水平,较我国空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)系统增加了O3,一定程度地考虑了大气氧化性增高的问题,但其所表征的空气质量状况与实际空气污染水平和公众感受仍存在差异。对2006年珠三角和香港监测数据的研究表明,RAQI较API能更充分地体现空气质量的分级;小时RAQI能够实时准确地反映了环境质量的变化,较每日RAQI更具有实际意义;加入PM2.5或采用不同的O3、PM10和PM2.5环境质量标准,是影响RAQI的重要因素。PM2.5/PM10为0.7,比世界卫生组织推荐的PM2.5/PM10为0.5的比例更符合珠三角的实际情况。因此,增加细粒子污染物PM2.5,适当调严某些污染物的环境质量标准,增加RAQI的发布频次,可以使RAQI更全面、准确地反映区域空气污染状况,是RAQI改进的方向。     

昆明市主城区环境空气质量及变化趋势

根据2001～2010年昆明市主城区城市例行监测数据,按照《环境空气质量标准》（GB3095—1996）中的二级标准,采用综合污染指数法分析了昆明市主城区近10a环境空气质量的现状、变化趋势及影响。昆明市环境空气质量总体保持良好水平,可吸入颗粒物呈现明显下降趋势,二氧化氮逐渐成为污染负荷中贡献率最大污染物,从而表明大气污染已经从煤烟型向机动车尾气型污染转化。受牡理、气候条件影响明显,二氧化硫、二氧化氮、可吸入颗粒物等污染物存在季节变化规律,夏秋季节明显好于冬春季节。     

兰州市大气主要污染物环境与健康风险评价

为了解兰州市大气污染现状,评价其环境质量和健康风险,选择兰州市污染较重的西固区和污染较轻的榆中县为研究区域,定位监测并分析颗粒物、SO₂和NO_x等大气主要污染物的分布特征,采用环境空气质量指数法评价兰州市大气污染现状,重点分析颗粒物的构成特征和健康风险. 结果表明:兰州市大气污染物分布呈明显的季节性、区域性特点;大气颗粒物MMD(质量中值直径)在3.2~7.9 μm之间,属细颗粒型;西固区环境空气质量指数及污染水平普遍高于榆中县,其中位于西固区的西固第二小学采样点污染较为严重,污染水平为五级,需要采取控制措施;兰州市15 m大气高度PM₁₀的健康风险高于30和1.5 m,兰州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的健康风险属于可接受风险范围.      

本溪市区环境空气质量现状及变化趋势

对本溪市的环境空气质量进行了监测分析，结果表明：本溪市环境空气中TSP超过国家环境空气质量二级标准，SO2、NOx、CO、降尘均符合二级标准。其中TSP、SO2、CO、降尘呈下降趋势，NOx变化不明显。