Subjective reactions to volatile organic compounds as air pollutants

Human subjective reactions to indoor air pollution in the form of volatile organic compounds in five concentrations ⩽ mg m⁻³ were examined in a climate chamber under controlled conditions in a balanced experimental design. The reactions of 25 subjects were registered in two questionnaires containing 25 and six questions and on a linear analogue rating scale. Each subject was tested for one day including four runs in each of the five treatments of 50 min duration. Dose effects were found for perceived odour intensity at 3 mgm⁻³. Air quality, need for ventilation, irritation of eye and nose showed significant effect at 8 mg m⁻³. Significant reduced well being was reported at 25 mgm⁻³. The analyses indicated that lower threshold for some of these effects would have been found if more subjects or longer exposure-times had been used. Gender, age, occupational education and smoking habits were co-factors for many of the symptoms reported.     

上海秋季大气挥发性有机物特征及污染物来源分析

综合分析了上海地区秋季典型月份挥发性有机物(VOCs)及其他痕量气体的污染水平及特征,VOCs平均小时浓度为63.64′10-9,非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHCs)占挥发性有机物总量的67.43%;通过对VOCs物种浓度及特征比值分析发现研究区域大气老化现象明显;结合区域后向气流轨迹分析,考察了不同来源气流对区域污染特征的影响,发现陆地传输气流乙烷/乙炔(E/E)值较海上传输气流低,而两者的苯/甲苯(B/T)值没有明显差异.     

牛粪燃烧实时排放挥发性有机物特征研究

在实验室模拟青海和西藏2种牛粪在民用炉具中的燃烧过程,采用稀释通道系统与质子转移飞行时间质谱（PTR-TOF-MS）在线分析牛粪燃烧排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）,通过电子秤实时记录燃料质量的动态变化,获得牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间序列与实时排放因子.结果表明,70g牛粪一次燃烧过程持续1100~1500s.牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间变化趋势总体上呈单峰分布;西藏牛粪在燃烧450s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值7.92×10^-6;青海牛粪在燃烧400s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值6.01×10^-6.牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子变化范围为40.74~156.88mg/g,趋势不同于VOCs浓度变化,随燃烧过程进行排放因子呈上升趋势.牛粪燃烧至3~4min左右,VOCs排放因子最低.甲醇、甲醛和乙醛3种VOCs排放因子占比最大,其中西藏牛粪燃烧3种VOCs排放占比分别为24.0%±1.9%、11.9%±1.8%和27.4%±1.4%,青海牛粪为22.0%±1.1%、13.3%±2.9%和17.7%±4.6%.本研究首次给出了牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子,可为高时间分辨率排放清单建立和青藏高原地区室内空气污染的健康效应研究提供基础数据.     

我国人为源挥发性有机物排放清单的建立

以2000 年为基准年,使用排放因子法估算了75 种人为源挥发性有机物(VOC)的年排放量,建立了我国VOC 人为源的县级排放清单.研究表明,我国2000 年VOC 的排放总量为8273Gg,其中流动源排放2710Gg、溶剂使用排放2150Gg、固定燃烧源排放1600Gg、工艺过程排放1190Gg、石油精炼及运储排放量为498Gg、混杂源125Gg.排放量最高的5 个省依次为广东、山东、江苏、河北、河南.     

A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Yunnan Province

Introduction Volatile organic compounds(VOC) are very important tothe chemical composition of ambient atmosphere. Ozone isformed through the photochemical reactions of VOC of bothanthropogenic and biogenic origin with oxides of nitrogen(NOx), …     

北京市园林绿地植被挥发性有机物排放的估算

根据北京市2000年城市园林绿化普查结果,对北京市园林绿地植被挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放情况进行研究,建立了北京市园林绿地天然源VOCs排放清单.结果表明,2000年北京市园林绿地VOCs的年总排放量(以C计)约为3.85万t,其中异戊二烯为3.09万t,单萜烯为0.59万t,其他VOCs(OVOC)为0.16万t.排放具明显的季节依赖性,其中夏季排放量最大,为2.49万t,占全年的64.7%;冬季最少,为0.0086万t,占全年的0.2%.城八区总排放量比远郊区县高,排放量最高的是朝阳区,为1.37万t,占全市的36.0%,其次为海淀、丰台、石景山区,分别占16.2%、13.8%、4.7%.     

Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emission for Hungary

In this survey we try to estimate the emission of VOC on the basis of statistical data of fuel consumption and emission factors taken from the literature. In Hungary, the total VOC emissions for 1986 were estimated to be 438.6 million kg. It is shown that solvent evaporation and traffic are the most significant anthropogenic sources, while forests are the greatest natural contributors to VOC emissions.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity.In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious,the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong.The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review ...     

内蒙古沙漠化草原生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

2017年7月,采用动态箱采样法对内蒙古沙漠化草原的生物源挥发性有机物（BVOC）进行了研究,同时记录了温度、湿度和光合有效辐射等参数.结果表明：沙漠化草原羊草和冰草均排放了异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-水芹烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品烯、对伞花烃、柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、萜品油烯、罗勒烯和崁烯等12种挥发性有机化合物,羊草和冰草排放的BVOC平均排放通量分别为：（578.76±92.39）,（35.51±20.23）,（23.62±5.62）,（380.48±206.97）,（15.70±4.72）,（36.21±10.53）,（62.46±10.36）,（36.63±22.83）,（85.44±48.33）,（5.59±5.33）,（17.62±3.32）,（173.39±201.97）μg/（m²·h）和（587.36±298.57）,（7.24±0.28）,（80.09±0.32）,（204.49±122.10）,（4.64±0.83）,（9.96±3.32）,（18.86±5.73）,（4.49±4.37）,（63.02±27.51）,（7.26±5.09）,（23.06±1.86）,（32.30±26.29）μg/（m²·h）;羊草和冰草BVOC排放通量与温度和光合有效辐射变化规律呈现一致性,但各草种所受影响因子不尽相同,且其排放过程复杂,除冰草异戊二烯排放通量在15：00和17：00达到峰值外,其余BVOC排放通量与羊草BVOC排放通量均在11：00和15：00达到峰值.     

The ignored emission of volatile organic compounds from iron ore sinter process

Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.     

鹤壁市大气挥发性有机物源排放清单研究

采用排放系数法与“自下而上”的活动水平数据收集方法,建立了鹤壁市化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、储存运输源、废弃物处理源等固定源、移动源、餐饮油烟和生物质燃烧等面源的VOCs排放清单.结果表明:鹤壁市2017年VOCs排放总量为8829.7t.其中,工艺过程源排放量最大(3052.5t),占VOCs总排放量...     

广东省移动源中等挥发性有机物(IVOCs)排放清单及不确定性分析

中等挥发性有机物（Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds,IVOCs）是二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的重要前体物.然而,当前我国IVOCs排放清单研究相对较少,现有研究大多采用基于IVOCs/POA比值法估算,导致IVOCs排放表征存在很高的不确定性.以移动源为研究对象,在优先采用本土实测的排放因子的基础上,构建了基于实测排放因子的广东省2019年移动源IVOCs排放清单,并与基于IVOCs/POA比值法建立的排放清单进行对比评估.结果显示：2019年广东省移动源IVOCs总排放量为2.1万t,其中,道路移动源IVOCs排放量为1.5万t,占总排放量的70%,主要来自柴油重货（33%）、柴油轻货（23%）、汽油小客（14%）.其中,道路移动源IVOCs汽油车主要以国四、国五标准车型为主,分别占 汽油车排放的36%和49%,而柴油车主要以国三、国四标准车型为主,分别占柴油车排放的53%和28%.相比实测因子法,比值法计算的道路移动源IVOCs排放整体偏高了100%~200%,但计算的非道路移动源IVOCs排放整体偏低了近1/3.通过不确定性量化对比也发现,实测因子法建立的IVOCs排放清单不确定性整体比比值法平均降低了60%,表明实测排放因子能够提高IVOCs表征的可靠性.此外,本土和国外实测排放因子建立的道路移动源IVOCs排放也有明显差异,采用国外实测排放因子可能会导致广东省2019年道路移动源IVOCs排放低估30%~50%.     

兰州盆地人为源大气污染物网格化排放清单及其空间分布特征

基于所搜集的兰州盆地各类人为污染源排放大气污染物的活动水平数据及其排放因子,采用"自下而上"的方法建立了2009年兰州盆地(石油化工城市)1 km×1 km的7种(类)大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其来源和空间分布特征进行了分析研究.结果显示:2009年兰州盆地NOx、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH3的排放总量分别为1.2×10~5、8.8×10~4、4.3×10~4、4.1×10~5、9.6×10~4、4.2×10~4和1.4×10~4t;工业燃烧排放是兰州盆地NO_x和SO_2的主要贡献源,分别占其总排放量的85.70%和52.55%;工业非燃烧过程排放是VOCs的最大贡献源,占总排放量的81.25%;工业点源和工业非燃烧过程排放是CO的两大贡献源,分别占其总排放量的33.97%和28.32%;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)主要来源于工业非燃烧过程,贡献分别为51.09%和55.12%;氮肥使用和禽畜养殖是NH_3排放最大的贡献源,分别占其总排放量的39.20%和30.70%.空间分布特征表现为:以工业源为主要排放源的NO_x、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)主要分布在工业和人口最为集中的兰州盆地市区一带,NH_3的排放则主要集中在榆中县和皋兰县交界的农村地区.同时,还对2014年工业燃烧源和道路移动源的7种(类)大气污染物排放量进行了估算,并与2009年进行了排放比较研究.结果表明,2014年工业污染源的7种(类)污染物排放量与2009年相比平均增幅不高,最高不超过30%,但移动源污染物排放量却大幅增加,增幅将近1倍.此外,基于排放因子及活动水平的不确定性,本研究对排放清单的结果进行了不确定性分析,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟对各污染物的排放量进行了评估.本排放清单的建立,不仅填补了兰州盆地大气污染物网格化排放清单的空白,还可为兰州盆地大气污染物排放清单更新、区域环境过程、大气复合污染成因及大气污染预警技术等相关研究提供基本方法手段及基础数据.     

Allowance and allocation of industrial volatile organic compounds emission in China for year 2020 and 2030

As an effective pollution control method, emission allowance and allocation just implemented in volatile organic compounds(VOCs) control strategy of China in 2016. This article presents a possible way to set the emission allowance targets and establishes an allowance allocation model for the object year, 2020 and 2030, using 2010 as the reference year. On the basis of regression and scenario analysis method, the emission allowance targets were designed,which were 17.902 Tg and 18.224 Tg for 2020 and 2030, with an increasing rate of 28.75% and31.06% compared to 2010. From the perspective of industries, processes using VOCscontaining products, like machinery and equipment manufacturing, would continue to be the most significant industrial VOCs emission sources in the future of China. Four allocation indicators were selected, which are per capita GDP of each province, per capita industrial VOCs emission of each province, the economic contribution of industrial sector to regional economy of each province, and the emission intensity per land area of each province, respectively.Based on information entropy, the weights of the indicators were calculated and an emission allocation model was established, and the results showed that provinces like Shandong,Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian were calculated to obtain more emission allowance while burden more reduction responsibility. Meanwhile, provinces like Guizhou, Ningxia,Hainan, Qinghai and Xizang were on the contrary. This paper suggests governments to enhance or ease to industrial VOCs reduction burden of each province in order to stimulate its economy or change its way of economy development.     

污水处理过程中曝气方式对挥发性有机物排放量影响研究

针对污水处理厂逸散挥发性有机物(VOCs)加重城市雾霾的环境问题,实验研究了污水生化处理中不同曝气强度、曝气方式对VOCs排放量的影响.研究表明:在SBR处理工艺中,曝气阶段产生VOCs占全过程排放总量的88.34%,曝气强度、曝气方式是影响VOCs排放量的主要因素;在均匀曝气条件下,不同时刻VOCs逸散浓度先急剧上升,在4~6 min达到峰值,然后呈下降趋势,约50~60 min后趋于稳定;不同曝气强度条件下,VOCs产生量与曝气强度正相关,当曝气强度在175 m L·min~(-1)时,既满足出水污染物去除效果,又能使VOCs的排放量最少;在渐减曝气方式中,采用曝气强度分别为200、175、150、125 m L·min~(-1),持续1 h递减的四阶段运行方式和同一曝气强度(175 m L·min~(-1))均匀曝气相比,前者的VOCs总排放量减少了19.51%,曝气量减少了7.14%,说明现有污水处理厂通过优化曝气方式可明显减少VOCs排放.     

我国大气中挥发性有机物的分布特征

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成的关键前体物之一,研究表明烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃是我国大气VOCs的重要组分。在不同区域,城市地区烷烃含量最高,而偏远地区芳香烃为含量最丰富的VOCs。VOCs浓度日间变化多呈双峰分布趋势,峰值多出现在早晨与傍晚的上下班高峰期。目前对我国臭氧污染事件的研究均表明芳香烃和烯烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物。VOCs源解析中广泛运用的模型包括CMB、PMF和PCA/APCS,各模型均存在优点和局限性。比较各地VOCs源解析结果,发现交通排放源和工业排放源为我国VOCs的主要人为来源。VOCs的跨区域传输决定与周边地区的合作将是未来空气治理中的发展方向。     

不同排放标准下机动车挥发性有机化合物排放特征趋势研究

针对机动车挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究中缺乏含氧VOCs(OVOCs)覆盖、缺乏最新国Ⅵ排放标准特征识别等问题,本研究选取了涵盖国Ⅰ～国Ⅵ不同排放标准的轻型汽油车和国Ⅲ～国Ⅴ柴油车为研究对象进行底盘测功机测试,采用SUMMA罐和DNPH管采样相结合的方法,探究了不同排放标准下机动车尾气中VOCs排放特征的变化趋...     

典型树种挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放成分谱及排放特征

为研究典型树种的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征,并获得基础排放速率,应用动态封闭式采样系统对毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的排放进行了实验室测量.利用热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪对排放样品进行定性和定量分析,包括异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯、烷烃和烯烃,计算获得各树种VOCs排放速率及其排放谱特征.研究表明：毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的总VOCs排放速率分别为19.51、17.19和0.67μg/（g·h）.毛果杨的异戊二烯排放最高（18.51μg/（g·h））,占其总排放的94.86%;马尾松排放的异戊二烯仅占4.03%,单萜烯贡献最高,为49.09%;北美枫香的单萜烯排放速率最高,为0.84μg/（g·h）;3个树种排放的倍半萜烯占各自VOCs总排放的比重均较小（<1.5%）;各树种的烷烃排放强度高于倍半萜烯,部分化合物甚至高于异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放强度.反式-β-罗勒烯是毛果杨排放最多的单萜烯化合物,占其单萜烯总排放的99.84%;北美枫香排放的单萜烯主要以香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主;马尾松以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主.石竹烯、葎草烯、δ-杜松烯和β-愈创木烯是主要的倍半萜烯物种.烷烃排放主要为C4和C5的化合物,特别是异丁烷和正丁烷;各树种排放的烯烃中,1-丁烯排放占比最高.     

Ambient volatile organic compounds pollution in China

Owing to rapid economic and industrial development, China has been suffering from degraded air quality and visibility. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and hence photochemical smog. Some VOCs adversely affect human health. Therefore, VOCs have recently elicited public concern and given new impetus to scientific interest. China is now implementing a series of polices to control VOCs pollution. The key to formulating policy is understanding the ambient VOCs pollution status. This paper mainly analyzes the species, levels, sources, and spatial distributions of VOCs in ambient air. The results show that the concentrations of ambient VOCs in China are much higher than those of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, especial benzene, which exceeds available standards. At the same time, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of various VOCs are calculated. Aromatics and alkenes have much higher OFPs, while aromatics have higher SOAFP. The OFPs of ambient VOCs in the cities of Beijing, Guangzhou and Changchun are very high, and the SOAFP of ambient VOCs in the cities of Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Changchun are higher.     

机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道测试研究

为了得到真实道路交通状态下的城市机动车排放因子,选取广州珠江隧道,进行了机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道实验.实验得到隧道机动车平均排放因子为(0.52±0.07)g·km-1·辆-1,其中轻型车排放因子为(0.32±0.14)g·km-1·辆-1,重型车排放因子为(0.26±0.33)g·km-1·辆-1,摩托车排放因子为(1.16±0.26)g·km-1·辆-1.机动车排放的VOCs中烷烃占39.7%,烯烃和炔烃占35.3%,芳香烃占25.0%.排放物质居前三位的排放因子分别为乙烯(52.9±7.4)mg·km-1·辆-1、异戊烷(41.5±7.0)mg·km-1·辆-1和甲苯(31.7±5.5)mg·km-1·辆-1.隧道实验得到的排放因子与机动车台架实验的结果基本吻合.