长期施肥稻田土壤胞外酶活性对底物可利用性的响应特征

土壤中碳(C)和氮(N)等底物的可利用性决定着微生物生长代谢,同时影响土壤胞外酶活性.为探讨土壤酶活性对土壤原有有机质变化的响应,本试验选取了长期定位试验田的4种施肥处理水稻土[无肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机肥+化肥配施(OM)和秸秆还田+化肥配施(ST)],通过0、 4、 8和12个月的分段培养获取了具有不同可利用性C、N含量梯度的土壤,分析参与土壤碳氮转化过程的关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性与可溶性有机碳(DOC)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量的关系.结果表明,OM和ST处理对土壤中DOC含量的提高更显著(P0.01),是CK和NPK处理的2～3倍.NPK、OM和ST处理的MBC含量、BG和NAG酶活性高于CK处理.所有施肥处理中,随着可利用性底物(DOC和NH~+_4-N)含量的升高,BG和NAG活性整体呈稳定或下降趋势,MBC和MBN含量变化趋势与BG和NAG相同.施肥处理和培养时间以及二者的交互作用极显著影响(P0.01)土壤DOC、NH~+_4-N、MBC和MBN的含量.回归分析显示, OM处理MBC/MBN值与DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间正相关(P0.05);ST处理的ln(BG)/ln(NAG)值和DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间负相关(P0.01),这表明稻田土壤可利用性底物浓度是影响胞外酶活性的关键因子,且微生物量的碳氮计量比受控于土壤中底物的碳氮计量关系.该结果对深入研究稻田土壤中胞外酶活性变化规律,调节稻田土壤碳氮平衡,提高稻田土壤肥力具有一定指导意义.     

水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应

与稻田土壤碳氮循环(矿化、转化等)密切相关的酶活性可以反映微生物的生长和代谢过程.为明确水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应,采用根际袋法区分水稻根际和非根际土壤,利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定其碳氮过程关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,探讨根际效应、施氮和生育期对土壤酶活的影响及其调控机制.结果表明,施氮使拔节期土壤BG酶活性相对于不施氮处理降低了7.4~13.5 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),而使成熟期BG酶活性增大了7.0~31.4 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),同时根际与非根际土壤中BG酶活性也随水稻的生育期而发生相应的变化.与不施氮处理相比,施氮使水稻成熟期非根际土壤NAG酶活性增加了1.1倍,根际土壤降低了0.3倍.施氮和生育期显著影响土壤BG酶活性,而水稻生育期、施氮和根际效应及其交互作用均对NAG酶活性有极显著影响.RDA分析表明土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量主要影响水稻根际土壤胞外酶活性;而非根际土壤中酶活性的变化主要受微生物生物量氮(MBN)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的影响.土壤酶活性与多种因素存在复杂关系,需要综合考虑植物生理特征、土壤酶活性和土壤特征,分析N添加对微生物群落组成的影响.     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤碳氮水解酶活性的影响特征

与稻田土壤碳周转密切相关的酶活性是评价土壤肥力和肥料管理的重要指标.本研究选取秸秆还田(ST)、化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK)的长期定位试验田,以10 cm的间距分段采集土壤剖面0~40 cm范围内的新鲜土样,利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定参与土壤碳氮转化过程关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,探讨不同施肥措施对不同深层土壤酶活的影响.结果表明,相比不施肥的土壤,施用化肥和秸秆土壤的BG酶活性分别提高了35%~118%和55%~342%;NAG酶活性分别提高了9%~30%和102%~484%.同时,随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性逐渐降低,0~20 cm深层土壤酶活性显著高于20~40 cm深层土壤.在不同施肥措施中秸秆还田可高程度影响稻田深层土壤.RDA分析表明土壤碳氮含量主要与0~20 cm的土壤酶活性有显著的正相关关系,与20~40 cm的土壤酶活性呈负相关关系.综上所述,随着土壤深度增加土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性显著降低.长期施肥显著提高了不同深层土壤生物量和土壤酶活性,其中秸秆还田作用尤为突出.因此,合理的秸杆还田有利于改善稻田深层土壤肥力,优化农田土壤养分循环,为作物生长提供良好的土壤环境.     

湿地垦殖对土壤微生物量及土壤溶解有机碳、氮的影响

对三江平原天然沼泽湿地及湿地垦殖后的农田、弃耕还湿地、人工林地等不同土地利用方式下表层土壤(0～10cm)的活性碳、氮组分:微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解有机氮(DON)进行了研究.结果表明,天然小叶章沼泽湿地垦殖为农田后,表层土壤各活性碳、氮组分显著降低:MBC减少了63.8%～80.5%; MBN减少了56.3%～67.1%; DOC减少了43.1%～44.3%; DON减少了25.2%～56.1%.农田弃耕还湿和人工造林后表层土壤的活性碳、氮组分有明显恢复的趋势,各组分恢复到天然小叶章湿地土壤水平的36.1%～59.9%(MBC);46.7%～65.9%(MBN);67.0%～69.3%(DOC);81.2%～88.3%(DON),土地利用方式是影响土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON变化的重要因素;各土地利用方式表层土壤的DOC、DON、MBC、MBN呈显著的正相关关系,土地利用方式对表层土壤DOC的影响大于对DON的影响;各土地利用方式下土壤微生物可利用碳、氮的来源不同是影响DOC、DON与MBC、MBN相关性差别明显的主要原因.     

降水改变下撂荒草地的化学计量失衡改变调节土壤呼吸

降水作为全球气候变化的关键因子,其变化会影响土壤呼吸.微生物是土壤呼吸的关键驱动因素,但是在不同降雨梯度下,针对脆弱生境地区,微生物化学计量与呼吸的关系还不明确.以黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地为研究对象开展了原位模拟降雨变化的实验(5个降水梯度),测定了土壤呼吸、养分、微生物生物量和胞外酶,并计算微生物计量特征.结果表明：(1)土壤呼吸(SR)在增雨处理下土壤呼吸显著升高,而在减雨处理下显著降低.(2)降水变化影响了化学计量不平衡,其中活性资源库氮(N)与磷(P)之间的不平衡(N∶P不平衡)整体呈现出近“U”型趋势,活性资源库碳(C)与P之间的不平衡(C∶P不平衡)仅在2019年变化显著,变化趋势为：P50>P25>CK>D25>D50,表明C∶P不平衡对降雨变化更敏感.(3)随降雨量的增加土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)降低,氮降解酶活性β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAG)之和(NAG+LAP)在两年减雨处理期间显著下降;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在增雨条件下活性显著增强,而在减雨条件下活性显著减弱;BG∶(NAG+LAP)和BG∶ALP均...     

缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳、氮组分的影响

以位于重庆市北碚区的缙云山为研究对象,通过采集亚热带常绿阔叶林(以下简称林地)、撂荒地、果园、坡耕地0~60cm深度的土壤样品,测定其MBC(微生物生物量碳)、MBN(微生物生物量氮)、DOC(可溶性有机碳)、DON(可溶性有机氮)含量,探讨土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳、氮组分的影响.结果表明,4种土地利用方式下土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低.在0~60 cm的土壤深度内,土地利用方式对土壤MBC、MBN和DON含量的影响并不明显;撂荒地DOC含量显著高于其它3种土地利用方式,说明坡耕地撂荒能显著提高土壤DOC含量.在0~60 cm土层,林地、撂荒地、果园、坡耕地间MBN、DOC、DON分配比例均无显著差异,但坡耕地MBC分配比例显著高于其它3种土地利用方式,表明坡耕地土壤有机碳具有较高的生物活性,这可能是由于坡耕地施加绿肥以及粪肥等有机肥所致.各土地利用方式下DOC/DON最高,MBC/MBN次之,SOC/TN最低,说明可溶性有机质的生物固化作用最强,而土壤总有机质的矿化作用最明显.4种土地利用方式下SOC/TN、MBC/MBN及DOC/DON均为坡耕地最低,且比值都低于20,表明坡耕地土壤有机质的矿化作用较强,容易造成土壤碳的损失.     

采伐林窗对马尾松人工林土壤微生物生物量的初期影响

为了解人为采伐活动形成的林窗对马尾松低效人工林土壤微生物生物量的影响,以39 a生的马尾松人工林7 种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m²、G2:225 m²、G3:400 m²、G4:625 m²、G5:900m²、G6:1 225 m²、G7:1 600 m²)以及林下为研究对象,分析了林窗中央和林窗边缘土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的季节变化。结果显示:①林窗大小显著影响了林窗内各位置土壤MBC和MBP,对MBN影响不显著;MBN与MBC变化趋势相同,均随林窗增大呈先升后降的单峰型变化,但MBN变化幅度较小,MBP仅在林窗中央具有单峰型变化。MBC、MBN和MBP分别在面积为400~900 m²、225~625 m²和625~900 m²的林窗较高。总体来看,中型林窗更有利于微生物生物量的增值。②季节变化对土壤MBC、MBN、MBP均有极显著影响,MBC为夏高春低,MBN夏高冬低;MBP的变化较复杂,秋季相对较高。③林窗中央与边缘间MBC、MBN、MBP差异不显著,但MBC、MBN显著高于林下。说明较之马尾松纯林,林窗内土壤微生物活性有较大提高。④土壤温度对MBC、MBN有显著影响,土壤含水量对MBN、MBP有显著影响,土壤温度和水分是林窗形成后影响土壤微生物生物量的重要环境因子。     

秦岭中段不同恢复阶段弃耕农田植物多样性变化及其驱动因素

植被恢复过程往往伴随着显著的地上植物多样性的变化,探讨枯落物养分-土壤养分-酶活性化学计量对地上植被变化的驱动机制,对于维持区域生物多样性保护和生态稳定至关重要.以秦岭不同恢复年限（1、8、16、31和50 a）的典型弃耕农田为研究对象,通过野外调查分析了植被恢复过程中植物群落多样性的变化特征,测定了枯落物养分、土壤养分、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和酸性磷酸酶（AP）这5种胞外酶活性等指标,探讨了植被恢复过程中枯落物养分、土壤养分和酶活性化学计量比的变化特征及其对植物多样性变化的驱动机制.结果表明：植物群落多样性指数随植被恢复年限增加均呈先减小后增大的趋势,在恢复16 a时最小;主成分分析结果表明,植被恢复不同年限植物群落多样性指数及枯落物-土壤-酶化学计量特征之间有显著区别,植物群落多样性指数与枯落物碳磷比及枯落物氮磷比具有强烈的正相关关系,而与土壤酶碳磷比（EEA C∶P）具有明显的负相关关系;冗余分析结果表明EEA C∶P对植被恢复过程中植物多样性变化的解释率最高,为25.93%,其次为土壤全磷（TP）,解释率为5.94%,是调控植物多样性变化的关键因子.综上所述,秦岭中段弃耕农田植被恢复后期植物种类和数量明显增多,土壤环境的变化影响了微生物的代谢活动从而改变了酶活性,枯落物-土壤-土壤胞外酶通过反馈与调节对群落环境和植物多样性产生影响,EEA C∶P和TP是植被恢复过程中地上植物多样性变化的主要驱动因素.     

秸秆还田、覆膜和施氮对旱地麦田土壤质量的影响

通过5 a大田定位试验研究了秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥对旱地土壤质量的影响.以双因素裂区设计,主处理为3种栽培模式：常规栽培(CT)、秸秆还田(SR)和覆膜栽培(FM);副处理为3种施氮水平：0、144和180 kg·hm^-2.在第5季冬小麦收获后采集耕层0～20 cm土壤样品,测定容重(BD)、孔隙度(SP)、田间持水量(FC)、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、矿质氮(NO₃^--N+NH₄⁺-N)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、蔗糖酶(SA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、脲酶(UA)和脱氢酶(DHA)等土壤理化性质及生物性质等指标,基于两个最小数据集(MDS),利用线性(LT)和非线性(NLT)评分模型计算土壤质量指数(SQI),通过与冬小麦产量拟合来寻找最优SQI,据此分析土壤质量对秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥的响应.结果表明,SR处理的SP、FC、SOC、TK、SA、ALP、DHA、MBN和MBC分别较CT显著...     

模拟增温和降雨增加对撂荒草地土壤胞外酶活性及计量特征的影响

土壤胞外酶活性是催化土壤有机质分解的关键限速步骤,而且对外界环境的变化极其敏感,然而却很少有研究聚焦于土壤胞外酶活性对气候变化的响应,尤其是在黄土高原地区.以黄土丘陵区撂荒草地为研究对象,野外模拟气候变暖和降水增加,通过测定土壤理化性质、植被群落特征和土壤酶活性,探究土壤酶活性及计量比对气候变化的响应特征及驱动因素.结果表明,增温、增雨以及二者的交互作用均显著降低了土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)和纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)活性,然而,土壤β-1,4-木糖苷酶(BX)活性在气候变化处理下却呈现出增加趋势,其中,增温处理的增幅最大,达到了63.15%.增温增雨的交互显著增加了β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAP)以及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,分别增加了34.32%、 12.97%和44.86%.增温显著增加了过氧化物酶(PER)活性,而增雨显著降低了PER酶活性,增雨以及增温增雨显著降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,这主要归因于植物群落科组成的变化.增雨和增温增雨处理下碳降解酶活性∶氮降解酶活性(CEs∶NEs)和氮降解酶活性∶磷降解酶活性(NEs∶PEs)显著...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.