石家庄南郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征与来源分析

利用十波段黑碳仪实时监测石家庄南郊2018年9月—2019年7月大气中黑碳（Black Carbon，BC）质量浓度，并与同期CO、NO₂、SO₂质量浓度进行相关性分析，结合后向轨迹模型研究了该地区的BC质量浓度变化特征及潜在来源.结果表明，观测期间BC平均质量浓度为（4.35±3.59）μg·m^-3，最大频数浓度法估算的BC本底质量浓度为1.0 μg·m^-3，不同季节BC平均质量浓度变化趋势为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季.BC质量浓度日变化具有双峰特征，高峰时段为6：00—9：00和19：00—22：00.BC气溶胶ngström指数α的分析及BC与CO、NO₂、SO₂相关性分析表明，以化石燃料为能源的工业源和交通源对石家庄南郊BC的贡献占主导地位.后向轨迹分析表明，石家庄南郊各季节BC主要受东向、东南向河北省内气团（占比35.46%~48.40%）和西向、西北向途经内蒙古、陕西北部、山西中部气团（占比15.60%~23.19%）的影响.浓度权重轨迹分析表明，BC潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、山西中部和河南北部.     

长沙地区PM2.5传输路径和潜在源区时空分析

长沙地区是长江中下游重要的经济发展核心区,受本地排放与外来源输送等多因素的共同作用,其大气污染状况一直都是区域乃至国家高度重视的生态环境问题.前期研究揭示了长沙地区大气污染的扩散规律,为进一步研究该地区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）外来源特征,采用拉格朗日混合型单粒子轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）探究2013—2020年长沙地区PM_2.5外来源区分布特征,继而采用轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）、浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法等从年、季节等不同尺度分析区域PM_2.5时空分布规律及其外来污染物输送源特征.结果表明,在国家与地区大气污染联防联控等政策的驱动下,2013—2020年长沙地区年均PM_2.5浓度由81.80 μg·m^-3下降至42.96 μg·m^-3并呈显著季节差异,大气污染防治措施成效显著.季节尺度上,PM_2.5浓度主要呈现冬高夏低的态势,冬季最高（81.48 μg·m^-3）,其次为秋季（50.90 μg·m^-3）与春季（47.39 μg·m^-3）,最小值出现在夏季（25.74 μg·m^-3）;另一方面,2013—2020年长沙地区外来源潜在源区主要分布于湘东北、赣西北、豫南和鄂中地区.具体而言,春、秋、冬三季大气污染物主要来源于蒙古国西南部的长距离西北气流,分别占当年轨迹比重的4.73%、12.93%、12.66%,而夏季大气污染物主要来源于南海南部的中长距离南方气流,占当年轨迹比重的19.06%.     

2013-2014年河南省PM2.5浓度及其来源模拟研究

随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）,数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物（NO₂、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明：模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM_2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM_2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%～50%,且在PM_2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM_2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m^-3（贡献比例24%,下同）、20.6 μg·m^-3（21%）和21.3 μg·m^-3（22%）,电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m^-3（7%）、8.7 μg·m^-3（9%）和17.8 μg·m^-3（18%）.受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM_2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m^-3（24%）,在其他地市的贡献为17%～23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m^-3（24%）.电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM_2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%～9%和8%～10%.分析不同浓度下的PM_2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM_2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM_2.5浓度高于100 μg·m^-3期间,达到22%和20%.     

南京市黑碳气溶胶时间演变特征及其主要影响因素

为了研究南京市黑碳（black carbon,BC）气溶胶的时间演变特征及其主要影响因素,使用多波长Aethalometer（AE-33）每个季节选取典型月份观测了BC质量浓度,结合大气污染物数据、气象要素和边界层探测数据,分析了BC的季节变化、日变化、周末效应和来源特征.结果表明,南京的BC浓度具有明显的季节变化,春季[（3351±919）ng·m^-3] > 冬季[（3234±2102）ng·m^-3] > 秋季[（3064±967）ng·m^-3] > 夏季[（2632±1705）ng·m^-3].4个季节BC日变化均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于06：00~08：00和21：00~23：00.BC不同季节的早晚高峰分布特征不同.早高峰春季BC浓度最高,晚高峰冬季浓度最高.冬季早高峰出现时间要比其他季节滞后2 h,而夏季晚高峰时间反而比其他季节提前2 h.风速对BC日变化季节分布差异的影响远大于相对湿度（relative humidity,RH）.逆温层结对大气污染物浓度的影响机制比较复杂,在不同季节中逆温的高度、厚度和逆温强度对污染物的影响机制不同.BC不同季节的周末效应不同,风速对BC周末效应的影响较小,逆温层结差异是造成BC周末效应的主要原因.南京地区液体燃料燃烧对BC的贡献较大,固体燃烧对BC贡献较小.     

成都西南城郊黑碳和PM2.5 浓度变化特征及其影响因子

四川盆地是我国灰霾和大气污染易发和频发区之一,目前关于本地区黑碳气溶胶（black carbon,BC）的相关研究较少。利用2017年11月—2018年12月成都西南城郊地区黑碳气溶胶以及PM_2.5观测资料,结合气象资料和其他污染物浓度资料,分析BC和PM_2.5浓度,BC浓度在PM_2.5浓度中所占比例（黑碳占比）的季节、月、日变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：（1）BC逐小时浓度范围为0.18—40.51 μg?m^?3,平均值为(5.26±4.68) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为3.34 μg?m^?3。PM_2.5逐小时浓度范围为1.00—344.50 μg?m^?3,平均值为(60.02±46.91) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为33.38 μg?m^?3。日变化均呈“白天低,早晨、夜间高”的变化特征,其中冬季浓度最高,春、秋季次之,夏季浓度最低。（2）黑碳占比均值为9.16%±5.13%,白天黑碳占比低,夜间黑碳占比高,且夏季最高,冬季最低。随着空气污染加重,冬季占比缓慢增加,其他三季占比减小。（3）BC与NO₂和CO相关性较好,表明西南城郊BC排放主要受机动车尾气、生物质燃烧影响。BC和SO₂相关系数偏小,燃煤等工业源排放对西南城郊BC的贡献较小。（4）风速、温度和湿度与BC浓度均有很好的相关性,其中风速对BC浓度的影响最大,当风速小于2.0 m?s^?1时,BC浓度值明显偏高;BC浓度大于20.00 μg?m^?3的高值区主要集中在西北、西南以及东北风向上,即：偏东北方向市中心大气中的污染物,以及西南方向远郊地区的污染物可能对西南城郊高浓度黑碳的贡献更大。     

石家庄市挥发性有机物和臭氧的污染特征及源解析

为研究石家庄市挥发性有机物（VOCs）的化学特征和污染来源,于2017年3月至2018年1月取3个国控点进行环境VOCs的罐采样及分析,并结合臭氧（O₃）及气象数据进行相关性分析,采用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）开展溯源解析;为确定夏季O₃的污染周期,利用小波分析研究其时序特征.结果表明,石家庄市采样期间VOCs浓度为（137.23±64.62）μg·m^-3,以卤代烷烃（31.77%）、芳香烃（30.97%）和含氧VOCs（OVOCs,23.76%）为主.采样期间VOCs的季节变化为：冬季（187.7 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（146.8 μg·m^-3） > 春季（133.24 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（107.1 μg·m^-3）,空间特征呈自西向东逐渐增加的格局.监测期内O₃与VOCs、NO₂呈显著负相关,与温度、日照时数、风速和能见度呈正相关.在夏季O₃≤ 160 μg·m^-3时,6月应关注气温开始上升后4~5 d的气象条件变化,而7~8月需关注7~8 d后的气象变动.PMF溯源解析了6个VOCs的来源,依次为：汽油车排放源（24.78%）、柴油车排放源（24.69%）、溶剂使用源（18.64%）、化工生产排放源（11.87%）、区域背景（10.84%）及制药工业生产排放源（9.17%）;其中汽油车和柴油车排放源的O₃生成潜势（OFP）贡献（54.98%）超过一半.因此,石家庄市夏季O₃削减的关键是控制交通及工艺过程源的排放.     

基于MERRA-2再分析资料的上海市近40年大气黑碳浓度变化及潜在来源解析

黑碳（black carbon,BC）作为大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,因其粒径小、比表面积大和辐射强迫等,对区域和全球辐射平衡、气候和人体健康产生巨大影响.以高度城市化的上海市为研究区域,基于MERRA-2再分析数据资料和地面观测数据,利用M-K趋势检验、后向轨迹和潜在源贡献函数（potential source contribution function,PSCF）探究了上海市1980~2019年大气BC浓度的时空变化特征及局地排放和区域传输的影响.结果表明：①MERRA-2大气BC浓度和地面观测数据具有较好的趋势一致性（R∈［0.68,0.72］）,表明MERRA-2再分析资料可以用来有效揭示地面大气BC浓度的长期变化.②上海近40年大气BC浓度可分为3个阶段：缓慢增长的"低值"阶段［1980~1986年,（1.75±0.17）μg·m^-3］,相对稳定的"中值"阶段［1987~1999年,（2.18±0.07）μg·m^-3］和波动变化的"高值"阶段［2000~2019年,（3.07±0.31）μg·m^-3］;就季节变化而言,上海BC浓度总体呈夏季浓度低,冬季浓度高的"U"型模式;受水运货运船舶柴油机等发动机黑碳排放的影响,7月出现BC浓度小高峰.③大气污染物诊断质量比及双变量相关分析［R（BC-NO₂） > R（BC-CO） > R（BC-SO₂）］表明,交通排放是上海大气BC的主要排放源,尤其是重型柴油车的影响.④后向轨迹和PSCF分析发现上海夏季气团以清洁海风为主导,占77.18%;其他季节来自北方的气团超过50%.上海大气BC潜在源区主要分布在中国东部地区,以长三角为中心向外扩张,且扩张方向与后向轨迹方向一致.     

2008～2018年武汉市BC气溶胶时间演变特征及其来源分析

黑碳(BC)作为最重要的吸收性气溶胶,其辐射强迫显著地改变大气边界层结构和近地面大气污染物的累积。基于2008～2018年武汉市BC和气象要素的观测数据,结合CWT潜在来源模型,分析了BC的时间演变特征和潜在来源分布。结果表明武汉BC平均质量浓度为6 926.4±4 090.6 ng/m³,Ångström指数(AAE)和液体燃料源对BC贡献占比(P)的平均值分别为0.98±0.44和76.6%,BC主要来自液体燃料的燃烧。2014～2017年BC质量浓度呈现显著的下降趋势,液体燃料对BC的贡献逐年增加。BC的季节分布为冬季(8 537.3 ng/m³)>春季(7 513.2 ng/m³)>秋季(6 820.2 ng/m³)>夏季(6 161.9 ng/m³),BC_liquid占比为秋季(80.0%)>冬季(77.3%)>春季(76.2%) >夏季(72.9%)。不同季节BC日变化特征不同。四个季节BC日变化在2008～2013年均以单峰型分布为主,而在2016～2017年则为双峰型分布。不同季节BC的潜在来源分布存在显著区别。潜在来源高值区在2008～2010年主要分布于武汉市的西南部,范围较小;而2016～2017年主要集中在武汉市周边地区,范围变大。潜在源区的演变反映了周边城市群对武汉市BC的影响逐渐变大,这可能是造成武汉市BC质量浓度日变化的年际差异的原因。     

南京市不同功能区冬季大气PM2.5分布特征及其来源解析

2016年12月-2017年1月,在南京市4类典型功能区（农业区、住宅区、交通干道区、工业区）各选两点,共采集了大气PM_2.5样品32套,测定并分析了其质量浓度、9种水溶性离子（WSIs）、有机碳（OC）以及元素碳（EC）的含量.观测期间,南京市冬季PM_2.5的平均浓度为104.5 μg·m^-3,分布特征为：工业区（116.6 μg·m^-3）>农业区（104.3 μg·m^-3）>住宅区（100.1 μg·m^-3）>交通干道区（96.9 μg·m^-3）;WSIs、OC和EC的平均浓度（/PM_2.5）分别为：53.4 μg·m^-3（51.1%）、11.8 μg·m^-3（11.3%）、8.2 μg·m^-3（7.8%）.农业区和住宅区受WSIs污染较严重且NOR、SOR较高,而工业区和交通干道区的OC、EC污染较严重且SOC/OC较高.进一步运用PMF模型解析,南京市冬季PM_2.5来源为：二次源（37.3%）、工业源（31.2%）、交通源（16.4%）、建筑尘（7.9%）和燃煤源（7.2%）.最后,本文收集了自2000年起南京市冬季大气PM_2.5浓度及其污染来源研究,总体而言,近年来南京冬季大气PM_2.5浓度呈下降趋势,其主要污染源比重也发生了较大变化,燃煤贡献有所下降,而工业和交通排放逐渐上升,且二次污染贡献逐渐突出.今后,控制二次污染源将成为南京市大气PM_2.5治理的重中之重.     

COVID-19疫情期间北京市两次重霾污染过程大气污染物演变特征及潜在源区分析

新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）期间,执行了严格居家隔离措施,人为排放源急剧降低,但北京仍出现了两次持续重霾污染过程.本研究使用北京市大气污染物、气溶胶数浓度和气象要素数据,结合气团轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了两次重霾污染过程中大气污染物的演变特征及其潜在源区贡献.结果表明,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对PM_2.5和黑碳（BC）的日变化特征影响较大,对CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃的日变化影响较小.两次重霾污染过程首要污染物均是PM_2.5,污染过程1主要是以局地污染为主,污染过程2以局地污染和外来输送为主.不同过程下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,峰值位于0.3 μm,在污染过程中主要是0.2~0.5 μm粒径气溶胶数浓度增加,是干净日的3.3~13.6倍.不同过程中BC_liquid对BC的贡献为64.8%~85.1%.BC_liquid的浓度为：污染过程2（5.04 μg ·m^-3）>污染过程1（3.20 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情前,2.31 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情,0.76 μg ·m^-3）.不同过程中PM_2.5和BC的PSCF和CWT分布特征不同.PM_2.5的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）和干净日（疫情）主要分布在北京的西南方和西部,权重浓度超过30 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程1和污染过程2主要分布在北京及其周边地区和西南部,权重浓度均超过90 μg ·m^-3.BC的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）、干净日（疫情）和污染过程1主要分布在北京及其周边地区,权重浓度分别超过2.4、0.9和4.5 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程2中分布在北京西南部,权重浓度超过5μg ·m^-3.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.