三江源国家公园不同草地土壤微生物功能基因的差异性分析

土壤微生物在陆地生物地球化学循环过程中起着非常重要的作用。为了探索青藏高原高寒草地类型地上植被特性和地下土壤环境与土壤微生物功能基因之间关系,以三江源国家公园高寒草原、高寒沼泽化草甸及高寒草甸3种典型草地类型为研究对象,利用基因芯片(GeoChip 5.0)技术测定其微生物功能基因丰度,并分析它们之间的差异及影响因素。结果表明:(1)3种草地类型地上群落结构和地下土壤环境存在差异性,其中高寒草原物种多样性指数、pH值较高,沼泽化草甸中土壤含水量、微生物量碳、地上生物量、土壤速效氮含量较高,高寒草甸中则是土壤微生物量氮含量较高;(2)3种高寒草地类型的碳循环、氮循环、磷循环、有机修复的土壤微生物功能基因丰度存在显著差异,其中这些功能基因的丰度在高寒沼泽化草甸最高,高寒草甸、高寒草原次之;(3)地上植物物种多样性虽对功能基因丰度变化的解释率(r2)在57.1%-61.2%之间,但统计学上不显著(P>0.05),而微生物基因丰度随地上生物量的增加而增加,且解释率(r2)为77.5%-80.0%(P<0.05)。在pH、土壤含水量、土壤微生物量等地下土壤环境因子中,pH对功能基因丰度存在显著影响(P<0.01)解释率在83.4%-87.5%间,且土壤微生物功能基因丰度随土壤pH的增加而降低;土壤含水量、土壤微生物量对土壤微生物功能基因丰度的解释率分别为81.9%-83.1%(P<0.05)和76.8%-86.2%(P<0.05),微生物功能基因丰度随这两者含量的增加呈上升趋势。进一步运用RDA分析发现,pH、土壤微生物量、地上生物量是影响微生物功能基因丰度的主要因子,其中土壤微生物量是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,土壤有机质又是通过地上植被凋落物沉积所得到的。因此,地上植被特性的自上而下控制因子影响了土壤环境中自下而上的控制因子,间接的影响了微生物功能基因丰度。由此得出,地上植被特性和地下土壤环境因子共同作用控制了微生物功能基因丰度使其出现差异性。     

N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor for biological N and P removal from wastewater

Nitrous oxide （N2O） is a greenhouse gas that can be released during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor （SBR） for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater was investigated, and the aims were to examine which process, nitrification or denitrification, would contribute more to N2Oemission and to study the effects of heterotrophic activities on N2O emission during nitrification. The results showed that N2O emission was mainly attributed to nitrification rather than to denitrification. N2O emission during denitrification mainly occurred with stored organic carbon as the electron donor. During nitrification, NaO emission was increased with increasing initial ammonium or nitrite concentrations. The ratio of N2O emission to the removed ammonium nitrogen （N2O- N/NH4-N） was 2.5% in the SBR system with high heterotrophic activities, while this ratio was in the range from 0.14% to 1.06% in batch nitrification experiments with limited heterotrophic activities.     

Effect of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on microbial communities and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from an arable soil fertilized with ammonium sulphate

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) affects climate change as a greenhouse gas and indirectly contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. The main source of N₂O in soils is denitrification which requires high soil moisture, carbon and nitrate. Nitrification inhibitors can be used to mitigate emissions of N₂O from soils. In Portugal, fertilisers are often applied when soils are still relatively warm and moist conditions conducive to denitrification. A Portuguese arable soil was inhibited with dicyandiamide, a nitrification inhibitor and the effect on soil microbiological activity and composition was determined after 46 days. Soils were then incubated and received carbon and ammonium under high soil water conditions and mineral N and N₂O fluxes were measured during 22 days. We found that dicyandiamide decreased microbial populations and activity, but did not alter composition. Pre-conditioning of the soil with dicyandiamide was 80% more effective in reducing fluxes of N₂O than simultaneous application with fertiliser.     

植被根系及其土壤理化特征在高寒小嵩草草甸退化演替过程中的变化

以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸的植被根系空间变化和土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明,不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸群落植被根系和蕴育植被根系的土壤量发生了明显的变化。特别是0~10 cm土层的植被根系在重度退化阶段显著高于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）,而蕴育植被根系的＂载体＂量在重度退化阶段显著低于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）,根土比（根和土的重量比）明显高于其它退化演替阶段（P〈0.05）;随着退化演替阶段的进行,高寒小嵩草草甸群落物种数、地上部分、植被根系锐减,群落结构和功能明显发生变化;不同退化演替阶段,植被根系（0~40 cm）的垂直分布、根土比与土壤容重、土壤含水量以及土壤中N、P含量存在一定的相关性;不同退化演替阶段高寒小嵩草草甸土壤理化特性的变化影响草地群落地上部分和植被根系;土壤的稳定性是草地生产稳定和恢复的重要因素,在评价与改良退化草地时,要充分了解土壤的退化程度。在高寒草甸地下根系取样方法难以统一,而且土壤表层根系和土壤很难难以分离,加之根系采样破坏性大、工作量大,根土比可能是指示高寒草甸退化程度相对可靠的量化指标。     

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from wetland and agriculture ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) are important greenhouse gases (GHGs). The objective of this study is to quantify the aggregate GHG (CH₄, N₂O and CO₂) emissions and estimate economic losses of three ecosystems (marsh, paddy field and upland) in the Sanjiang Plain, excluding the Muling-Xiangkai Plain, south of Wanda Mountain. The results indicate the economic losses from GHG emissions of marshes were from 6.40 to 7.75?×?10⁹ CNY (Chinese Yuan), those of paddy fields were from 1.41 to 3.20?×?10⁹ CNY; and from uplands were from 0.26 to 0.49?×?10⁹ CNY. Using linear trend analysis, the economic losses through GHG emissions of marshes fell between 1982 and 2005, but those from paddy fields and uplands increased. In our study, the sequence in magnitude of the economic losses from GHG emissions was: marshes > paddy fields > uplands. In fact, the economic value of GHG emissions was negative because of these adverse impacts on the environment. This article could provide a reference for calculation of GHG exchange. The results suggest that improvement of fertiliser use efficiency for more precise agricultural management and returning straw to cropland could mitigate GHG emissions and would help to achieve sustainable development.     

Impact of dissolved oxygen on the production of nitrous oxide in biological aerated filters

Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and microelectrode technology were employed to evaluate the Nitrous oxide (N₂O) production in biological aerated filters (BAFs) under varied dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations during treating wastewater under laboratory scale. The average yield of gasous N₂O showed more than 4-fold increase when the DO levels were reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1, indicating that low DO may drive N₂O generation. PCR-DGGE results revealed that Nitratifractor salsuginis were dominant and may be responsible for N₂O emission from the BAFs system. While at a low DO concentration (2.0 mg?L^–1), Flavobacterium urocaniciphilum might play a role. When DO concentration was the limiting factor (reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1) for nitrification, it reduced NO ₂ ^- -N oxidation as well as the total nitrification. The data from this study contribute to explain how N₂O production changes in response to DO concentration, and may be helpful for reduction of N₂O through regulation of DO levels.

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双氰胺在四川3种主要土壤上的硝化抑制作用

采用室内培养试验方法,在不同浓度双氰胺(DCD)处理条件下,对四川3种主要土壤(紫色土、黄壤、灰潮土)的N2O释放量,NH4+-N及NO3--N含量动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,DCD对3种土壤N2O释放及土壤NO3--N含量有明显抑制作用,随DCD浓度增加,其抑制效果越显著.DCD同时能推迟NO3--N含量达到高峰,使土壤NH4+-N含量在较长时间保持相对较高水平,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素流失.DCD在3种土壤上硝化抑制效果存在差异,表现为紫色土＞灰潮土＞黄壤.同时提出DCD在3种土壤上的适宜添加量,紫色土上为普通碳铵施入量的0.5%,黄壤和灰潮土上为0.3%.     

Spatial variations in the N2O emissions and denitrification potential of riparian buffer strips in a contaminated urban river

Spatial variations in the N₂O emissions and denitrification potential of riparian buffer strips (RBS) in a polluted river were examined. The river received large pollutant inputs from urban runoff and wastewater discharge, resulting in impaired water quality in the river and downstream reservoir. The potential for nitrogen removal by RBS was evaluated by measuring in situ N₂O emission fluxes in static closed chambers and sediment denitrification potentials with acetylene inhibition techniques. The results showed that N₂O emission fluxes decreased from the upstream (16.39 μg/(m²·h)) to downstream (0.30 μg/(m²·h)) sites and from the water body to upland sites. The trend in decreasing N₂O emission fluxes in the downstream direction was mainly associated with sediment/soil textures (clay loam→sandy soil) and sediment/soil water contents and was also related to the vegetation along the RBS and nutrients in the sediments/soils. The correlation coefficient was highest (r=0.769) between the N₂O emission flux and sediment/soil water content. Sediment/soil denitrification potentials under N-amended and ambient conditions were higher (highest 32.86 mg/(kg·h)) for the upstream sites, which were consistent with in situ N₂O flux rates.     

高寒草甸退化对甘肃马先蒿生长状况与花期资源分配的影响

甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）作为高寒草甸退化进程中的一种入侵毒杂草,其生长状况和繁殖特征为草地退化状况的重要指标,也是衡量高寒草甸演替进程的重要指示植物。通过比较重度退化和未退化高寒草甸的群落特征,甘肃马先蒿的生长状况与花期资源分配,结果表明：退化的高寒草甸土壤-植被系统变化明显,高寒草甸退化显著影响了甘肃马先蒿的生长状况和资源分配特征。在重度退化的黑土滩样地中,甘肃马先蒿个体形态特征如株高、根长、分叉数、叶片数、花数、总生物量都显著高于未退化高寒矮嵩草草甸样地;重度退化草甸中甘肃马先蒿花期各器官的资源投资状况,如根系投资、茎叶投资、繁殖投资分别为7.46%、48.76%、43.78%,未退化样地中甘肃马先蒿的根系投资、茎叶投资、繁殖投资分别为10.12%、54.34%、35.54%。在重度退化高寒草甸中甘肃马先蒿占据较大的生态位,长势良好,且将资源更多地用于繁殖投入。而未退化草甸中甘肃马先蒿优势度不大,更多的是将资源分配到根系和茎叶等营养器官,以期获得较多的水分、无机盐、光照等资源,增强个体竞争力。甘肃马先蒿在不同生境下资源分配的显著差异实质反映了草地退化的影响,亦是植物对外部环境改变的一种适应机制,同时也是植物可塑性的重要表现形式。     

Plant biomass allocation strategies of the dominant species in an alpine meadow of northwestern Sichuan,China北大核心CSCD

Plant biomass partitioning is an important driver of whole-plant net carbon gain, as biomass allocation could directly affect plant's future growth and reproduction. Alpine meadow in the northwestern Sichuan was impressed by the abundant community structure and species diversity. This study on biomass allocation pattern of different functional types and lifeforms might help understand plant life-history strategy of alpine meadow plants. We investigated 72 dominant herbaceous species for their compartments, biomass, and morphological traits during 2012-2014. These plants were sampled from natural grassland, disturbed grassland, and wintergreen grassland; they belonged to three functional types (grass, sedge, and forb) and two lifeforms (annual and perennial). The scaling relationships between functional traits of these plants were analyzed using Model type II regression method to estimate the parameters of the allometric equations. (1) Biomass allocation proportion of components significantly differed among grasses, sedges, and forbs owing to phylogeny: grasses had the highest stem biomass percentage, sedges had higher root biomass percentage, and forbs had higher leaf biomass percentage, but the scaling relationships were not significantly different, and isometric scaling was noted between biomass components for the three functional types. (2) Moreover, plant lifeforms affected the biomass allocation proportion of components, owing to the shorter or longer turnover rate and investment strategy between annual and perennial species. Annuals allocated more biomass to the stem and reproduction organs, but perennials invested more biomass to the leaves and roots. (3) In addition, plants from different grassland types differed in both biomass and morphology traits. Moreover, forbs from natural grassland and wintergreen grassland had higher leaf and reproductive biomass, but those from disturbed grasslands had higher stem biomass. Our results suggest that the functional type and lifeform decide the inherent scaling relationships between components of plants, but anthropogenic disturbance significantly impacted the quantity of component biomass. This study has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the response of alpine plants to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance as well as to help in the scientific management of alpine meadow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

贺兰山高山草甸生物多样性和地上生物量的关系

在对贺兰山高山草甸进行群落调查的基础上,研究高山草甸生物多样性和地上生物量与环境因子之间的关系,进而分析生物多样性和地上生物量的关系.结果表明:(1)地上生物量主要与土层深度成正相关关系.(2)海拔高度与生物多样性成负相关关系,而其它影响物种丰富度或Shannon指数的环境因子仅在个别群落类型中起作用.(3)生物多样性与地上生物量主要呈单峰曲线关系.     

风蚀条件下人类活动对高寒草地水分保持功能影响的定量模拟

青藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障,具有重要的水源涵养功能。高寒草地生态系统退化将严重地影响高原的水源涵养功能。为了定量研究人类活动对青藏高原高寒草地水分保持功能的影响,采用大型风洞实验,模拟人类不同的干扰方式和干扰程度对高寒草地土壤水分保持功能的影响。实验样品采自青藏高原三个草地类型:高寒草甸、草原化草甸和高寒草原。干扰方式包括破坏草地地上部分和根系,干扰程度包括轻干扰、中度干扰、重度干扰和全部破坏。实验结果表明,地上部分破坏后,土壤含水率均有下降,降幅分别为:QZ1为6.9%～9.2%、QZ2为6.8%～10.1%、QZ3为9%～10%;当根系遭到破坏后土壤含水率的降幅则分别为:QZ1为16%～30%,QZ2为17.25～32.1%,QZ3为22%～50%,显然,根系破坏后土壤含水率降幅远大于地表植被破坏后的情形。因此,植被根系是高寒草地水分保持功能的关键。随着干扰程度的加剧,土壤含水率在迅速下降。从试验模拟结果看,三个草地类型中土壤水分保持功能分别是高寒草甸>草原化草甸>高寒草原。     

Enzymatic nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, is emitted during nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, significantly contributing to greenhouse effect. Nitrogen removal generally involves nitrification and denitrification catalyzed by specific enzymes. N₂O production and consumption vary considerably in response to specific enzyme-catalyzed nitrogen imbalances, but the mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Studying the regulation of related enzymes’ activity is essential to minimize N₂O emissions during wastewater treatment. This paper aims to review the poorly understood related enzymes that most commonly involved in producing and consuming N₂O in terms of their nature, structure and catalytic mechanisms. The pathways of N₂O emission during wastewater treatment are briefly introduced. The key environmental factors influencing N₂O emission through regulatory enzymes are summarized and the enzyme-based mechanisms are revealed. Several enzymebased techniques for mitigating N₂O emissions directly or indirectly are proposed. Finally, areas for further research on N₂O release during wastewater treatment are discussed.

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放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草地为对象,采用平板涂抹分离法和氯仿熏蒸法对不同放牧压力梯度下土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤微生物碳、微生物氮量进行研究,结果表明:不同放牧压力梯度下,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和真菌较少,垂直分布明显;随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地,0～25 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物碳和微生物氮数量呈降低趋势,其降低程度与放牧压力梯度呈直线正相关.与无放牧金露梅灌丛相比0～25 cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌最大降幅分别为49.64%、37.76%和46.64%;金露梅灌丛土壤微生物碳量占土壤有机碳的比例变化为0.85%～0.43%,微生物氮占土壤全氮的0.90%～1.11%,微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率较低;土壤微生物量和土壤有机质呈显著线形正相关;土壤细菌数量和土壤水分呈显著线形正相关.     

Behaviour of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in peanut field soil: effects on soil biological and biochemical activities

A field experiment was conducted to study the dissipation kinetics of herbicides pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in black soil of peanut field at half recommended rate (HRE), recommended rate and double recommended rate as well as to assess their effects on soil microbial parameters and enzymatic activities. In addition, their role in the transformations and availability of some plant nutrients like nitrogen transformation (through ammonification and nitrification processes) and availability of phosphorous were also studied. Incorporation of these herbicides was found to stimulate the activity of soil microbial biomass carbon, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysing activity, alkaline phosphatase and ammonification rates, while dehydrogenase activity, acid phosphatase, nitrification rate and available phosphorous was adversely affected. However, urease remains almost unchanged except for little stimulation at later stages. Dissipation of pendimethalin and oxy?uorfen followed first-order reaction kinetics with half-life (T_1/2) of 13.7–20.1 and 21.5–27.4 days, respectively. Residues of both herbicides persisted up to 60 days in the soil at all the doses except 45 days for pendimethalin at HRE.     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

Diurnal variation of nitrogen cycling in coastal,marine sediments

A closed chamber technique was developed to determine the emission of microbially produced N₂O from an estuarine sediment. A diurnal variation was observed; maximum emissions of 0.4 to 4.0 mol N₂O–N m^-2 h^-1 were recorded at night whereas the rates were low or even negative, -0.4 to 0.4 mol N₂O–N m^-2 h^-1, during the day. The bacterial denitrification located in the uppermost centimeter was apparently the major source of the emitted N₂O. The diurnal emission pattern was thus inversely related to the O₂ availability at the sediment surface; in the dark, the lack of O₂ production by benthic photosynthesis allowed the denitrification to occur closer to the sediment-water interface and was likely to enhance the release of N₂O to the water. The daily averages for the emission were about 40 mol N₂O–N m^-2 d^-1 for three investigation periods in autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (April), whereas no significant emission was recorded in the NO ₃ ^- -depleted sediment in early summer (June). In this estuary, the N₂O emissions from the sediment were significant contributions to the overall release of N₂O to the atmosphere.     

Photo- and electro-catalysis for solar disinfection of Escherichia coli-contaminated water using Ag–TiO2/graphite

A titanium dioxide film on a graphite substrate was synthesized by chemical bath deposition from TiCl₄ as precursor and with the surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as a linking and assembling agent. Silver was loaded on the TiO₂ film by electrodeposition at 0.025?A. Water contaminated with Escherichia coli was disinfected under sunlight irradiation by photolysis (Lys), photocatalysis (PC), photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), and electrocatalysis (EC). The highest rate constant, k, was achieved with EC; k was 5.1?×?10^?2 colony forming units (CFU) mL^?1?min^?1. However, auto-oxidation of Ag occurred during EC and PEC. Meanwhile, the rate constant of disinfection by means of PC was lower than EC and PEC, and k was 3.82?×?10^?2 CFU?mL^?1?min^?1. Nevertheless, the auto-oxidation of Ag in the Ag–TiO₂/graphite tablet did not occur during the disinfection process.     

Toxicokinetics,metabolism, and microsomal studies of chlorpropham in rats

A study on the toxicokinetic behavior, metabolism of chlorpropham, and its effect on cytochrome P₄₅₀ from liver microsomes was carried out in albino rats after a single and consecutive oral administration at 500?mg?kg^?1 body weight for 10 and 20 days. Chlorpropham was detected in the blood at 0.08?h (11.43?±?1.72?µg?mL^?1) reaching a maximum concentration at 2?h (30.90?±?2.55?µg?mL^?1) and a minimum at 48?h (1.95?±?0.20?µg?mL^?1) after a single oral administration of 500?mg?kg^?1. The absorption rate constant (K _a) was 0.66?±?0.48?h^?1. The Vd _area (18.01?±?2.78?L?kg^?1) and t _1/2 β (12.23?±?1.96?h) values suggested a wide distribution and long persistence of the compound in the body, respectively. The higher Cl_R (0.82?±?0.00?L?kg^?1?h^?1) compared to Cl_H (0.18?±?0.02?L?kg^?1?h^?1) value indicated that a major portion of chlorpropham was excreted through the urine (30%) compared to the faeces (2.81%). Chlorpropham residue was detected in all tissues of rat at 0.25?h while its metabolite, meta-chloroaniline was detected in liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen tissue at 0.25?h. Meta-chloroaniline was not detected in skeletal muscle, brain, fat, and stomach tissue at any time of the observation period. Maximum concentrations of chlorpropham and meta-chloroaniline were detected at 2?h (except in the spleen), and minimum concentrations of chlorpropham at 24 (heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, and stomach) and 48?h (liver, kidney, brain, and fat tissue) respectively; and meta-chloroaniline at 24?h (except heart and spleen). The tissue half-life of chlorpropham in rat varied from 3.80 to 11.60?h. Repeated oral administration of chlorpropham at 500?mg?kg^?1 for 10 and 20 days caused an induction of the liver microsomal pellet of rat.