基于GC-MS方法的焦化行业特征挥发性有机物分析

基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,对南京市2家钢铁企业焦化工艺的挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放情况开展监测。结果表明:焦化行业排放的VOCs主要组分为苯系物、含氧化合物、卤代烃、烷烃和烯烃,分别约占33%、24%、16%、13%和13%,炔烃约占1%;主要特征污染物包括苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇、乙醛、丙酮、氯乙烯、二氯乙烯、三氯苯等。     

典型污染时段鹤山大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及来源解析

2013年10月对广东鹤山大气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）变化特征、臭氧生成潜势和来源进行了研究。结果表明,观测期间测得的VOCs总平均值为26.6×10-9,表现为烷烃＞苯系物＞烯烃;烯烃日间值变化幅度较大,在清晨达到最大值;苯系物与一次污染物CO的变化趋势十分接近;烷烃的峰值出现时间较苯系物有所提前,且在短时间内迅速升高,表明观测点周边可能存在排放源;大气中各类VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献表现为苯系物＞烯烃＞烷烃;从物种来看,乙烯等10种物质对总OFP的贡献占到了80.4%;观测期间测得的OFP贡献较大的VOCs物种主要来源于石化源、油漆溶剂和汽油挥发源。     

VOCs走航观测在城市污染源排查中的应用

为推进城市空气质量精细化管理工作的实施,实现VOCs污染源精准排查,2019年3-4月,利用单光子电离飞行时间质谱对青岛市重点区域进行了VOCs走航观测。在排查到的污染源中,工业区的VOCs浓度较生活区整体偏高,且生活区、工业区夜间的VOCs浓度均较白天高。VOCs各类组分中,生活区白天苯系物、卤代烃、烯烃、烷烃的占比均在20%左右,夜间苯系物占比明显升高;工业区苯系物在白天和夜间的占比均最高,其他组分相对较小。浓度较高的前10位VOCs物种中,生活区白天烯烃物种占主导,夜间烷烃物种的比重明显增加;工业区苯系物、烯烃物种在白天和夜间的比重均较大,烷烃物种较小。生活区VOCs的污染源主要为机动车尾气排放和油品挥发,工业区主要为企业排放。烯烃和苯系物臭氧生成贡献较烷烃高,特别是丁烯、戊烯、己烯、甲苯、二甲苯/乙苯、三甲苯贡献显著,建议作为优控物种重点管控。     

典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物污染调查

对常州市某典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况进行了调查。结果表明,该化工园区大气中检出挥发性有机物共有58种,组分有芳香烃、饱和烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、醛酯类化合物及其他类;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯为主要挥发性有机污染物,质量浓度为1.0~194μg/m~3;均未超出参考标准的限值。背景点位和园区点位大气中主要ρ总(VOCs)在秋冬季最高,敏感点大气VOCs随季节变化也较为明显;园区T1和T2ρ总(VOCs)年均值高于敏感点位,背景点位年均值最低;园区点位除了汽车尾气排放之外,溶剂的挥发和生产工艺中污染物的排放也增加了大气中苯系物的浓度,同时也对敏感点位和对照点位的大气质量产生了一定的影响。     

宁波市环境空气中VOCs污染状况及变化趋势分析

基于近7年来的连续监测数据,对宁波市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染状况及变化趋势进行了初步分析。研究表明:在宁波市环境空气中检测出94种VOCs,其主要成分是饱和烷烃、芳烃、烯烃、卤代烃、卤代芳烃、含氧有机物等,有37种属有毒有害物质,其中苯系物含量最高;宁波市环境空气中苯系物的污染程度与国内外城市基本处于同一水平,近年来的污染状况变化不大,没有明显恶化;空间分布特征显示一类保护区VOCs的排放以天然源为主,二类各功能区VOCs的排放由天然源和局部人为污染源共同形成,三类区以工业污染源排放为主;时间变化趋势显示VOCs在冬季和春季的平均浓度比其他季节高,VOCs的日变化基本呈现2个主浓度峰值特征,跟城市交通流量变化具有很好相关性。     

福建省重点地区人为源VOCs排放清单

通过收集福建省福州、厦门、莆田、泉州、漳州和龙岩等重点地区人为源活动水平数据,通过排放因子法进行合理估算,计算2016年福建省重点地区人为源的VOCs排放量。结果表明,2016年福建省重点地区人为源VOCs排放量为47 262.8 t。VOCs排放主要由石油炼制、化工、建筑材料制造、塑料制品和食品饮料加工等行业贡献,占总排放量的62.0%。泉州市是VOCs污染排放的主要贡献城市,占全省重点地区VOCs总排放量的48.9%。     

上海大气面源 VOCs 排放特征及其对O 3 的影响

上海市大气污染物排放清单确定了14类大气面源,其VOCs排放总量2.65×10^8kg／a。采用EPA TO-15 VOCs分析方法获得112种组分,根据VOCs的O3生成活性系数MIR,结合VOCs排放量和VOCs组分构成比,计算出上海大气面源的O3最大生成量为1.063×10^9kg／a。其中,涂料使用和间-二甲苯,对-二甲苯是上海大气环境O3污染应首要控制的VOCs。     

基于GC-MS分析方法的石油化工行业特征挥发性有机物分析

2014年青奥会期间,采用苏玛罐采样和GC/MS分析的方法对南京市2家石油化工企业部分典型工艺的特征VOCs进行了监测分析,结果表明,其主要组分为烷烃、苯系物、含氧有机物、卤代烃和烯烃,主要特征污染物有异丁烷、正戊烷、正丁烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇、乙醛、丙酮等。指出,企业在日常的生产管理中,应加强巡查、监管,避免装置挥发性有机物的跑冒滴漏,减少污染物的逸散,降低对环境的影响。     

东北地区大气BTEX的时空分布特征

在东北地区7个典型城市中25个监测点进行了观测,时间分别为2008年4月、7月、10月和2009年1月,使用吸附剂采样管采集并通过热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了苯系物样品,系统研究了东北地区大气苯系物的时空分布特征。研究结果表明,苯和甲苯年均浓度值最高,分别为(4.19±2.31)μg/m3和(3.22±1.14)μg/m3,共占苯系物浓度近70%;各功能区按苯系物浓度大小顺序排列为混合区工业区交通区居民区文教区对照区;受排放源和气象条件的影响,采暖期苯系物浓度高于非采暖期苯系物浓度;风向频率影响苯系物浓度分布,沿下风向浓度逐渐降低;苯/甲苯比值分析表明,东北地区苯系物的主要来源是煤燃烧。     

广州市大气VOCs污染特征及O3生成潜势分析

利用手工及自动监测数据,结合最大增量反应活性(MIR)系数法,对广州市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)进行了研究。结果表明：广州市大气VOCs总体积分数为73.85×10^-9,其中,丙烷、甲醛、乙酸乙酯的体积分数最高,分别为5.59×10^-9、4.87×10^-9、4.25×10^-9。组成特征分析结果显示,含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃为主要污染物种类,分别贡献了总VOCs的34.32%和32.34%。在空间分布上,各站点VOCs体积分数自南向北不断降低,番禺市桥站(南部,76.16×10^-9)>公园前站(中部,75.58×10^-9)>花都梯面站(北部,69.80×10^-9)。广州市大气中甲醛和乙醛的比值为1.22,表明本地排放对广州市醛酮类化合物的贡献较大;乙苯和间/对-二甲苯的比值为0.35,表明广州市气团老化程度低,VOCs主要受本地排放影响;甲苯和苯的比值显示,公园前站苯系物主要受机...     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.