我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。     

处理城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的工艺及设备

由北京市肇瞵环境技术开发公司开发的处理城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的工艺及设备，适用于城市生活垃圾压缩填埋渗滤液处理、高浓度有机废水处理、高氨氮废水处理。     

美国生活垃圾的焚烧综合处理

２００１年３月，我们到美国参观考察生活垃圾焚烧厂，共考察了５个生活垃圾焚烧处理厂，２个灰渣处理厂及垃圾分选厂等，受益不小。现着重介绍美国几种生活垃圾焚烧综合处理炉型和灰渣厂。美国以前由市运输公司运走的生活垃圾，大部分送到大型卫生填埋场填埋处理，小部分送焚烧发电厂焚烧处理。随着美国经济的发展，国力的强大，卫生填埋场越来越少，焚烧发电厂越来越多。因为卫生填埋场缺点是占地多，还污染大气、水源环境。焚烧发电综合处理之后，彻底实现生活垃圾的无害化、减量化、资源化。美国随着纽约市最后一个大型卫生填埋场于２０…     

垃圾处理厂不应成为新的污染源

垃圾填埋场在填埋垃圾以后,会产生高浓度的有机废水,即渗滤液。渗滤液的特点是成分复杂、有机物含量高,垃圾填埋以后渗滤液会连续多年持续产生。因此,为防止对环境的污染,垃圾填埋场必须对渗滤液进行处理,达标后方可排放。     

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺综述

城市垃圾对环境的影响越来越严重，垃圾填埋导致垃圾渗滤液的大量产生，渗滤液中含有大量的有机物、大量的病菌、病毒、寄生虫等以及一些有毒有害的物质，若渗滤液不加以妥善处理、肆意排放，必将对地下水、地表水构成严重威胁，因此垃圾渗滤液的有效处理就成为一个亟待解决的问题。本文对城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理工艺进行了分析和探讨，介绍了国内外垃圾渗滤液处理的主要技术，包括土地处理法、生物法和物化法，并对电解法处理垃圾渗滤液进行了详细的介绍。     

城市生活垃圾源减量化技术与对策

解决垃圾问题最好的方式是避免其产生,这样就无需收集、运输或处置。此外,源减量化在能源利用、温室气体排放和其他环境影响方面,要远优于其他诸如焚烧和填埋等处理方式。生活垃圾源减量化具有环境和经济的双重效益。本文阐述了生活垃圾源减量化的概念和特征,并通过借鉴美国在生活垃圾源减量化问题上的成功经验和成熟技术,探讨了适合上海的生活垃圾源减量化对策。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理行业2007年发展综述

本文简述了2007年国内城市生活垃圾处理的总体状况,归纳了2007年国家发布及实施的有关标准与政策以及在实施中存在的主要问题;重点分析了城市生活垃圾填埋、焚烧和堆肥的现状,并对行业的发展进行了展望.     

城市生活垃圾林烧炉排的机理与应用

本文介绍了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉排的机理,阐述了垃圾焚烧强度与垃圾焚烧量、垃圾低位发热量及炉排有效面积的关系;逆推式炉排使垃圾焚烧距离几乎增加两倍,对焚烧中的垃圾起到拔火作用,使垃圾更易烧尽。     

焚烧在城市固体废弃物堆肥填埋中的配套应用

城市生活固体废弃物已严重污染了城市环境，影响了市容布貌，影响子投资环境，因此，焚烧作为城市生活固体废物的一种处理方法，已愈来愈受到人们的关注。本文将系统阐述焚烧的有关热工计算，焚烧工艺及焚烧装置，目的是给环保工作者在实际工程中以参考。     

垃圾填埋气收集利用研究进展

城市生活垃圾填埋过程中伴随产生大量填埋气,造成的环境影响不容忽视,填埋气中的CH4具有很高热值,是可利用的再生能源。对我国垃圾填埋气的特点、常见收集方式、焚烧发电利用现状进行了综述和分析,并探讨了未来的发展方向。     

Future waste disposal in The Netherlands

This paper sets out a few results of research on waste prevention, recycling and disposal in The Netherlands. First, an outline is given of the actual waste disposal. Secondly, a projection is made of the different waste categories as a result of independent developments for the year 2000. Finally, a scenario is presented in which recent Dutch policy on the prevention and recycling of waste, as well as incineration, play important roles. The waste policy will be based on the long-term objective of sustainable development, as mentioned in the Brundtland Commission report. Results are given concerning space, costs and emissions.     

The future place of recycling in household waste policy: the case of France

To be rightly implemented, an environmental policy ought to set an institutional framework (goals, rules and instruments) which incents decentralised actors to adopt the appropriate range of technologies. In the household waste management policy, the development of valorisation techniques (and particularly recycling) must be supported by convenient instruments and incentives. The paper analyses the problems encountered with the French household waste policy to ensure the takeoff of recycling techniques. At the moment, a rather under-proportioned institutional setting leads to favour the adoption of incineration with energy recovery at the expenses of recycling. This tends to create a structural bias in favour of incineration.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂配套设施及污染防控问题浅析

文章分析了垃圾焚烧技术的利弊，详述了垃圾焚烧发电厂必要的配套设施的项目内容，指出这是垃圾焚烧发电系统不可分割的部分。认为垃圾焚烧发电发展前景广阔。     

VOCs恶臭污染物质的污染状况和一般处理方法

VOCs恶臭污染物质是一些既有异味且具有挥发性的有机气态污染物质，对人体健康和生态环境造成很大危害。VOCs恶臭物质来源于生活和工业生产等方面。常用的处理方法有吸附法、吸收法、燃烧法、冷凝法、生物法、膜分离法等。其中，生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、维护管理方便、没有二次污染等优点，成为今后治理VOCs恶臭污染物质的清洁型生物方法。     

Assessing the “design paradox” with life cycle assessment: A case study of a municipal solid waste incineration plant

One of the most important processes in an integrated waste management system is incineration, which, among the different waste management disposal options still remains a critical waste treatment system. New dynamics and approaches have to be developed to embrace such a wide and complex topic, and better knowledge and assessment of incineration are strategically significant to define future environmental scenarios.Life cycle assessment (LCA), as a tool to optimise process-operating conditions and to support decision-making process, is often applied to investigate processes under design in various sectors, since choices made in the development phases can affect the future environmental profile. However, even if the greatest opportunity to improve a process from an environmental perspective is during the design phase, at the same time the knowledge is limited, in accordance with the so-called “design paradox”.Thus, in this context, this study used LCA methodology to quantitatively assess the extent to which the environmental impact of an incineration line reflects the environmental burdens perceived during the design phase. A comparative LCA was conducted at the design phase and under operating conditions at an Italian municipal solid waste incineration plant.The outcomes of the study indicated that for almost all of the categories analysed, the impacts associated with the process under design overestimated the impacts associated with the operating process, with the exception of climate change and water depletion. The results suggested that after the conduction of an LCA at the design phase of a process, an LCA of the operative conditions should be carried out to verify how much the over- or under-estimations affected the results.     

Industrial waste to energy by circulating fluidized bed combustion

Industrial waste is a good resource from the viewpoint of efficient waste management. The vital need for energy utilization and environmental protection mean it is of interest to develop circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) to burn solid wastes with low pollutant emissions. The paper presents some explanatory studies on waste-to-energy in a pilot scale CFCB facility. A series of combustion/incineration tests have been carried out for the industrial wastes: petroleum coke, waste tire and sludge cakes with various moisture contents. It seems that the CFBC has feed flexibility without modifying heat transfer equipments for energy recovery. In addition, the results of experimental tests demonstrate that gas emissions from waste incineration in CFBC can be well controlled under local regulation limits.At normal operation temperature in CFBC (approx. 800°C), the heat transfer coefficient between bulk bed and bed wall is on the order of 10² W/m^2° C, which is useful to estimate the energy recovery of waste combustion by CFBC. A practical and simple guide is proposed to estimate the energy recovery from waste combustion by CFBC, and to find maximum allowable moisture content of waste if there is to be any energy recovery without auxiliary fuel.     

SYNTHESIS OF DATA FROM STUDIES BY THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER-QUALITY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S. Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic-life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another.     

Effects of planned expansion of waste incineration in the Swedish district heating systems

Recent targets for reduced amounts of waste to landfills in Sweden will result in a large increase in waste incineration with recovery of energy, used primarily for district heating. The aim of this study is to investigate what changes in the usage of other fuels and technologies for district heat production would be caused by this increase. A questionnaire was sent out to the largest district heating companies, and simulations in an energy systems model were carried out. The analysis shows that increased waste incineration reduces the demand for other fuels, especially biomass, for district heat production. The effects include reductions in operating hours as well as the avoidance or postponement of investments in new plants for district heat production. Increased waste incineration will also lead to a greater use of district heating in Sweden.     

Introduction of a waste incineration tax: Effects on the Swedish waste flows

A tax on waste-to-energy incineration of fossil carbon in municipal solid waste from households was introduced in Sweden on July 1, 2006. The tax has led to higher incineration gate fees. One of the main purposes with the tax is to increase the incentive for recycling of materials, including biological treatment. We investigate whether and to what extent this effect can be expected. A spreadsheet model is developed in order to estimate the net marginal cost of alternative waste treatment methods, i.e., the marginal cost of alternative treatment minus avoided cost of incineration. The value of the households’ time needed for source separation is discussed and included. The model includes the nine largest fractions, totalling 85% (weight), of the household waste currently being sent to waste incineration: food waste, newsprint, paper packaging, soft and hard plastic packaging, diapers, yard waste, other paper waste, and non-combustible waste. Our results indicate that the incineration tax will have the largest effect on biological treatment of kitchen and garden waste, which may increase by 9%. The consequences of an incineration tax depend on: (a) the level of the tax, (b) whether the tax is based on an assumed average Swedish fossil carbon content or on the measured carbon content in each incineration plant, (c) institutional factors such as the cooperation between waste incinerators, and (d) technological factors such as the availability of central sorting of waste or techniques for measurement of fossil carbon in exhaust gases, etc. Information turns out to be a key factor in transferring the governing force of the tax to the households as well improving the households’ attitudes towards material recycling.