气相色谱法测定水质中的内吸磷

优化了气相色谱法测定水质中的内吸磷,当取样量为100 m L时,内吸磷-O方法检出限为0. 30μg/L,测定下限为1. 20μg/L;内吸磷-S方法检出限为0. 80μg/L,测定下限为3. 20μg/L。内吸磷-O和内吸磷-S标准曲线线性良好,相关系数分别为0. 999 2和0. 999 8。不同水质中内吸磷-O的加标回收率为90. 3%～104%,相对标准偏差为3. 6%～9. 2%;内吸磷-S的加标回收率为92. 1%～94. 9%,相对标准偏差为4. 6%～8. 7%。该方法灵敏度高,能有效分离内吸磷-O和内吸磷-S,同时能将内吸磷-O、内吸磷-S与其他有机磷农药类干扰物分离。     

番红花红T紫外分光光度法测定微量亚硝酸盐氮

1实验方法 :于 2 5ml比色管中加 5μg亚硝酸盐氮标准使用液 ( 5.0 μg/ml)、2 .0 ml1 .0× 1 0 -3mol/L 番红花红 T、4 .0 ml2 .0 mol/L 缓冲溶液( H2 SO4) ,用水定容 ,摇匀。放置 1 0 min,用 1 cm比色皿以试剂空白为参比在 365nm处测吸光度 ,吸光值至少在 1 h内保持恒定。 2变异系数 0 .59%～ 1 .35% ,加标回收率 98.2 %～ 1 0 0 .4 %。 3亚硝酸盐氮在 0～ 1 0 .0 μg/2 5ml内符合比耳定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数 3.1× 1 0 4L/mol· cm,回归方程y=0 .0 2 67c 0 .0 0 2 ,相关系数 r=0 .9992 ,结果满意。番红花红T紫外分光光度法测定微量亚…     

示波极谱法测定大气总悬浮微粒中微量锌

在乙二胺 (en)介质中 (p H1 1 .5～ 1 2 .3 ) ,Zn(en) 2 +3在单扫描示波极谱仪上于 -1 .42 V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的络合物吸附波 ,锌含量在 0 .0 0 6～ 0 .3 5 μg/ml范围内 ,浓度与峰电流呈线性关系。检测限为 0 .0 0 3 μg/ml。加标回收率为92 %～ 1 0 3 % ,相对标准偏差小于 4.1 %。该方法准确、简便、选择性好 ,可用于 TSP中微量锌的测定。     

反向流动注射化学发光测定微量甲醛

基于在甲醛存在下 ,高锰酸钾与Fe(Ⅱ )在酸性介质中发生化学发光反应 ,建立了反向流动注射化学发光测定微量的甲醛分析方法 ,该法测定甲醛的线性范围为 5 0× 10 - 7～ 1 5× 10 - 2 g ml,检出限为 3 0× 10 - 7g ml,相对标准偏差为2 5 % (1 5× 10 - 5g ml甲醛 ,n =11)。该法应用于测定空气中微量的甲醛 ,结果令人满意。     

水中高浓度挥发酚测定方法的改进

1实验方法 :取 2 50 ml含酚水样的蒸馏液于50 0 ml分液漏斗中 ,加入 2 .0 ml缓冲溶液 ,混匀 ,此时 p H为 1 0 .0± 0 .2。加入 1 .5ml 4 - AAP溶液 ,混匀 ;再加入 1 .5ml铁氰化钾溶液 ,混匀。同时做一试剂空白实验 ,然后均以蒸馏水为参比 ,显色1 5min后 ,用 1 cm比色皿在 72 2型分光光度计上于波长 51 0 nm处测量吸光度 ,得出试剂空白值和含酚量溶液吸光度差值 ΔA。n=7时 ,相对标准偏差 2 .75% ;回收率 92 .5%～ 96.7%。2注意事项 :必须蒸馏 ,以消除色度、混浊和金属离子干扰 ;收集馏出液体积要与原蒸馏体积相当 ,否则影响测定结果。水中…     

甲醛法测定SO2应注意的问题

甲醛法测定 SO2 应注意氮氧化物的干扰问题。方法中 ,有分别对应编号的 A、B两组比色管。A组各管在分别加入亚硫酸钠标准色列后 ,再分别加入 0 .60 %氨磺酸钠溶液 0 .5 0 ml 和1 .5 0 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液 0 .5 0 ml,混匀。再逐管倒入对应的盛有 0 .0 5 %盐酸副玫瑰苯胺使用液1 .0 0 ml的 B管中 ,立即混匀放入恒温水浴中按相应温度和时间显色。测定吸光度 ,以吸光度对应二氧化硫含量绘制标准曲线 ,其斜率为 0 .0 1 8～0 .0 1 9,相关系数为 0 .997～ 0 .998。而在 A组各管分别加入 0 .60 %氨磺酸钠溶液 0 .5 0 ml后 ,也放置 1 0 min,再加入…     

紫外分光光度法快速测定水和废水中苯胺

水样用中速滤纸过滤后 ,吸取滤液适量 (含苯胺 1 .0～ 1 2 5 μg)于 2 5 ml具塞比色管中 ,加入 2 mlp H=7的缓冲溶液 ,用蒸馏水稀释至刻度混匀 ,放置 1 0分钟后 ,以蒸馏水做参比 ,在波长 2 30 nm处用 1 cm的石英比色皿 ,测定吸光度值。n=6时 ,变异系数 0 .34%～ 3.5 %。检出限     

海水、地面水中磷酸盐测定方法

以人工海水、纯水为介质 ,采用先加钼酸盐后加抗坏血酸进行显色 ,在 70 0 nm波长下测定校准曲线 ,线性较好且没有显著性差异 ,方法稳定 ,可同时测定海水和地表水无机磷、地表水总磷。检出限低于 0 .0 1 mg/L;测定天然水样 ,相对标准偏差5.1 %～ 0 .9% ;测定加标水样加标回收率为 95%～ 1 0 5% ;重复测定加标回收率相对标准偏差为1 .3%～ 2 .7% ;重复测定质控样品和标准样品误差范围 - 0 .0 0 2～ + 0 .0 0 5mg/L、- 0 .0 0 8～ +0 .0 0 4 mg/L、- 0 .0 8～ + 0 .0 0 7mg/L,相对标准偏差 0 .8%、1 .2 %、1 .3% ,精密度、准确度可满足方法要…     

催化光度法测定鸡蛋中的碘

研究了在 80～ 1 0 0℃条件下制备样品 ,利用催化光度法间接测得鸡蛋中碘的含量。在 0～ 0 .0 2 1 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,摩尔吸光系数达 2 .0 3× 1 0 5L.mol- 1 .cm- 1。可用于其它食品中微量碘的测定。     

总氮测定中的一点体会

在总氮测定中消解时间不够或高压锅压力不足 ,均会造成过硫酸钾分解不完全 ,从而导致空白吸光度偏高 ,标准曲线线性和结果重现性差。 ( 1 )样品消解 1 0、2 0、30、40 min,2 2 0 nm处的空白吸光度分别为 0 .378、0 .0 35、0 .0 1 5、0 .0 1 4,故样品至少需消解 30 min。 ( 2 )用家用高压锅消解样品 ,稍有漏气 ,消解 30 min,2 2 0 nm处的空白吸光度在0 .2 30～ 0 .874之间 ,空白吸光度高 (有时高于祥品吸光度 )且波动性大。不漏气情况下的空白吸光度在 0 .0 1 5左右 ,波动性小。因此消解时要注意观察高压锅是否漏气总氮测定中的一点体会@赵多…     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.