堆积状态下低品质煤临界自燃着火点测定与研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究低品质煤炭堆积状态下内部自热理论,采用临界自燃着火点理论和Frank-Kamenetskii模型研究了煤堆内部热产生与热散失平衡理论以及煤堆表面的换热现象;并应用设计研发的煤堆热扩散率及温度监测实验装置和测定方法来评估低品质煤样(褐煤以及亚烟煤)临界自燃温度。结果表明:煤样堆积状态下临界自燃着火点温度可通过实验室内测定分析不同体积网框在不同环境温度条件下自热曲线得出;同体积条件下,临界自燃着火点随着煤品质的升高而增加;在140℃环境条件下,1#,2#和3#煤样在快速升温的前20 min内,温度变化趋势相似;在60~65℃,3种煤样出现温度转折点,升温速率开始减缓;根据煤样临界自燃着火点温度结合F-K热发火边界条件理论得出的堆积体积与着火点耦合关系式可预测大体积煤样自燃倾向性及临界自燃温度。     

基于F-K理论的大体积煤堆自燃特性试验研究

为预测大体积低品质煤炭自然发火温度,采用恒温加热系统和气体检测分析系统,研究煤堆的自热特性。根据Frank-Kamenetskii边界条件理论,并结合自然对流和临界自燃着火点研究方法,分析煤堆内部的温度变化、水分蒸发及能量转变情况,进而探讨环境温度、氧化气体和煤自燃倾向性的关系。结果表明:煤样水分含量是导致其自热升温曲线出现下降阶段的重要因素,煤堆内部不同位置其温度下降阶段持续的时间不同;自热反应所产生气体浓度随煤温的升高而增高;未燃状态下,氧化作用最强阶段位于温度上升初始段后期;自然对流和低温氧化导致煤堆体积缩减,环境温度越高体积缩减程度越大;煤样临界自燃着火点研究方法可有效应用于大体积煤堆自燃着火点预测。     

粒径对褐煤自燃阶段临界温度影响的试验研究

为研究褐煤在堆积状态下的自然发火特性,开展实验室试验,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热方法,将6种不同粒径的褐煤煤样分别放入5、10和15 cm等尺寸的立方体网篮,组成18个自然堆积状态的煤堆,并置于不同的恒温条件下,研究煤堆的升温过程,探讨粒径对煤氧化过程中自燃阶段临界温度的影响。结果表明:煤堆的升温过程可分为初始升温、缓慢升温、快速升温和自燃(或温度回落)4个阶段;在煤堆体积相同时,煤样粒径的减小会使自燃阶段临界温度降低,随着煤堆体积的增大,粒径影响逐渐减弱直至可被忽略。     

水分对堆积状态褐煤自燃特性影响研究

为研究水分对低阶煤在堆积状态下自然发火特性的影响,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热试验法,分析不同水分含量(4％～23％)白音华褐煤的升温过程及临界自燃着火温度.进一步研究不同煤样粒径(0.5～5 mm)和煤堆体积(1.25 ～10 ×105 mm3)条件下,水分对堆积褐煤自燃特性的影响....     

空气湿度对煤自燃特性影响的试验研究

为研究空气湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用程序升温试验台,在不同环境湿度条件下,对黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样进行程序升温,分析不同温度下的气体成分,计算煤样在不同温度和湿度条件下的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率,以及煤氧化的表观活化能。结果表明:与在干燥的空气中氧化相比,煤在加湿空气中的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率升高,活化能降低,表明加湿有利于煤自燃;随空气湿度增加,煤体的耗氧速率、cO和CO_2产生率先升高后降低,活化能先降低后增加,表明存在一个最容易使煤氧化自燃的临界空气湿度;黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样的临界相对湿度为25%左右。     

用热棒技术强化煤堆降温幅度试验

为破坏煤堆内部蓄热环境,有效降低煤自然发火的危险性,预防煤堆自燃,基于热棒闭式汽-液两相流强化热传导原理,构建煤自燃防灭火热棒移热降温性能试验测试系统,研究煤堆升温过程中热棒对其内部温度场分布的影响效果。热棒对煤堆自燃升温过程具有较明显的抑制降温效果,煤体与热棒距离越近,降温效果越明显;热棒的累积移热量和降温能力随时间的增加而不断增大。结果表明,试验条件下,煤堆内部各测点最高降温依次为13.30,9.80,7.70,6.70,4.50,3.20,1.50和0.50℃,对应温度降幅依次为29.00%,23.90%,24.70%,19.40%,16.00%,13.50%,8.90%和3.87%,平均降温速率分别为1.20,0.90,0.70,0.62,0.39,0.29,0.16和0.11℃/h。     

基于温差分析的煤氧化规律研究

低温条件下,煤氧复合作用所产生的热量会使煤体温度升高,甚至发生自燃。为确定煤的氧化性特征,对煤样进行加热升温试验,在程序控制炉中采用相同的线性升温条件(以2℃/h的速率从20℃升至125℃)进行试验,研究通入空气、煤氧化变质程度及不同煤样的影响。采用温差分析方法对煤样升温数据进行处理,分析煤样的低温氧化特点和规律。结果表明,在升温过程中,升温速率曲线呈现增大、减小、再次增加的规律。通入空气煤样的升温速率曲线要高于不通空气的升温速率曲线,新鲜煤样的升温速率曲线要高于氧化变质煤样的升温速率曲线,易自燃煤样的升温速率曲线要高于难自燃煤样的升温速率曲线。理论分析表明,升温速率曲线数值大小反映了氧化放热率的强弱。升温速率曲线间的差值越大,则氧化放热率相差越大。因此,在相同的控制升温条件下,不同煤样的升温速率曲线数值大小可有效地反映自燃性的相对强弱。     

含水煤堆自燃升温特征的实验研究

为了了解露天含水煤堆自燃过程中温度变化特性,利用模拟和实验手段研究了煤堆内部温度的动静态分布情况,结果表明:含水煤堆升温过程经历了升温—缓慢升温—快速升温三个阶段,水分的存在使煤堆在自燃中期升温速率放缓,水分含量越高,水分蒸发所需时间越长,煤堆安全保存期越长,水分蒸发完毕后煤堆进入快速升温阶段,温度模拟结果与煤堆升温实验数据在趋势上比较符合,降雨和注水作业都会对煤堆升温过程产生较大的影响,对高温煤堆进行大量注水,只会起到临时的灭火效果,本质上是促进自燃明火发生,适当的循环注水可以起到较长的冷却效果。     

氧气浓度和升温速率对煤自燃特性影响

为探究氧气浓度与升温速率对煤自燃特性的影响，利用TG/DSC-FTIR联用热分析技术测试3种不同变质程度的煤样在不同氧体积分数和不同升温速率下的放热特性，分析3种煤样在氧化过程中特征温度、热效应及标志性气体产生量等参数的变化规律。结果表明：氧体积分数一定时，升温速率越小，放热峰值、特征温度和指标气体释放峰值越向低温区偏移。在相同升温速率下，随着氧气体积分数的减小，煤氧化放热峰值温度降低；煤自燃指标气体峰值对应的温度逐渐向高温区域移动。煤变质程度增高，煤自燃特征温度呈增大趋势；放热量的峰值降低，对应的峰值温度增大；指标气体释放峰值温度增大，自燃危险性呈降低趋势。     

露天煤堆内部升温与水分蒸发阶段特征的模拟研究

为了研究露天煤堆堆放时内部水分含量的动态变化特征,建立了含水煤堆自燃升温模型,利用数值模拟研究了煤堆在堆放30d内温度和水分含量的变化过程,结果表明:煤堆自迎风面开始向背风面依次形成散热带、升温带和窒息带,含水煤堆自燃温度上升过程依次分为Ⅰ升温,Ⅱ缓慢升温,Ⅲ快速升温。而煤堆内水分含量的变化也依次分为Ⅰ缓慢蒸发,Ⅱ快速蒸发和Ⅲ蒸干三个阶段。依据结论对煤堆内部水分含量的动态过程展开进一步研究,有助于将湿润煤体自燃特征规律的实验成果应用于现场实践。     

煤炭自燃机理及防治技术分类研究

通过分析国内外学者对煤自燃机理的不同说法,提出了煤自燃过程的3个阶段,即潜伏阶段、自热阶段和自燃阶段,指出煤体要发生自燃必须具备4个条件:具有低温氧化性并以破碎的状态存在,有氧体积分数大于12%的空气连续通过,煤炭氧化所生成热量的速度大于散热的速度,上述3个条件同时存在的时间大于煤炭最短自然发火期等等.根据对煤炭自燃机理的研究,将防治技术措施按其作用机理可分为减漏风供氧、吸热降温和既能隔氧又能降温等3类.对防治煤炭自燃以及选择有效而可靠的技术措施具有积极的指导意义.     

Numerical investigation and theoretical prediction of self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles

Spontaneous combustion of coarse coal stockpiles in temporary coal storage yards was investigated numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The main purposes of the numerical investigation were to identify the self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles and formulate a theoretical model to predict the self-ignition time and locations of coarse coal piles. A mathematical model for self-ignition of coarse coal piles was developed and the process of spontaneous ignition of coarse coal stockpiles was simulated. The kinetic data of low-temperature oxidation reaction was obtained from the laboratory-scale experiments with bituminous coals taken from Jindi Coal Mine of Shanxi Province in China. The influence of moisture was ignored because the studied coal had low moisture content (mass concentration: 1.87%) and both coal and ambient environment were assumed to be saturated with moisture (or ambient environment was assumed to be dry). The effects of five variables (i.e. wind velocity, oxygen concentration, height, porosity, and side slope) on the spontaneous ignition in coarse coal piles were examined. Simultaneously, a theoretical prediction model was formulated in light of variable analyses and a great number of simulations.Compared to self-ignition characteristics of fine-particle coal piles, several self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal piles were identified by numerical investigation. Wind-driven forced convection plays a predominant role in self-heating of coarse coal piles. As wind velocity increases, the self-ignition location in the pile migrates from the lower part which is close to the surface of the windward side to the upper part near to the surface of the leeward side. Wind velocity increase exerts the positive or the negative effect on self-heating, which depends on a critical wind velocity value to sustain balances of both the heat and the availability of oxygen in the coarse coal pile. The behavior of self-ignition is remarkably sensitive to both oxygen concentration and height, and a coarse coal stockpile will not ignite spontaneously as long as one of two critical variable values is satisfied: oxygen concentration of 5% or height of 3 m. The theoretical prediction model suggests when and where countermeasures should be made to prevent the self-ignition in the coal stockpile with engineering accuracy.     

The relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature during coal spontaneous combustion

Spontaneous combustion is a major natural disaster in coal production. In the process of exploring coal self-ignition, a series of hypotheses have been put forward, most scholars agree that the current coal-oxygen compound theory. Oxygen consumption rate reflects the status of coal spontaneous combustion, and it is also one of the parameters necessary for numerical simulation of coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, a coal heating and oxidation experiment was designed, Experimental device consists of heating and oxidation furnace, gas chromatograph, temperature control and data acquisition systems and other equipment components. Three coal samples whose weight each is 5 g were selected for the study. By experiment, oxygen concentration at the inlet and outlet of temperature oxidation furnace was measured. Oxygen consumption rate is calculated in the heating process of coal according to air flow. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the temperature as abscissa and the oxygen consumption rate for the longitudinal coordinates, drawing the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature plot. And then regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and coal temperature during the heating and oxidation process of coal. The results show that the oxygen consumption rate and temperature of coal were linear relationships both before and after the critical temperature when the coal temperature is less than 180 °C. Before the critical temperature oxygen consumption rate is low, however it increases rapidly when coal temperature reaches a critical temperature. The result is important for the prevention and treatment of spontaneous combustion of coal.     

A study on the influence of liquid water and water vapour on the self-ignition of lignite coal-experiments and numerical simulations

The current paper presents experimental investigations as well as numerical simulations on the influence of water and humidity on the self-ignition of combustible bulk materials.It is well known, that bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if stored under specific conditions. In some cases, large amounts of these materials are exposed to a humid surrounding, e.g. dried coal in a moist atmosphere. Due to the effects of condensation and adsorption of water, additional heat is generated and transported into the bulk material. If the pile is stored slightly below its self-ignition temperature, the bulk material can become supercritical and an ignition occurs.Experiments were carried out for German lignite coal sampled in two different particle size fractions. They showed, that subcritical deposits turned to supercritical behaviour if the relative humidity in the surrounding was suddenly increased or water was poured on the surface of the sample. Besides the experiments, a numerical model was established to describe the effects of self-heating until ignition of the deposit, including the transportation of moisture. Simulations with this model led to satisfying results when compared to the experiments.     

多点法测定可燃物质自燃特性的可靠性研究

多点法是一种新提出的自热反应动力学分析方法。采用实验研究和理论分析相结合的方式对多点法的操作过程以及实验结果的可靠性展开研究。通过构建一维导热系统、采用不同形式的热电偶布设方式,对烟叶粉末的自燃临界环境温度、活化能以及反应热与指前因子的乘积等参数进行了测定。研究表明:所构建的一维系统能较好地模拟一维导热;热电偶的分布方式对测量结果有较大影响,对称分布状况下,温度结果与经典的F-K对称模型一致;多点法相比于传统方法省时省力,测定结果有较好的线性拟合相关度,求解的动力学参数较为可靠。     

Safe storage of selected fuels with regard to their tendency to spontaneous combustion

European standard EN 15188 is dedicated to the assessment of the tendency of solid flammable substances to spontaneous combustion. Fossil fuels and biofuels that substitute them are a frequent reason of fires caused by spontaneous combustion. Even though having different properties, both types of fuels can be assessed according to this standard by the method of the determination of the dependency of self-ignition temperature against the ratio of volume to surface area of geometrically exactly defined solid body, or based on the theory of thermal explosion according to Frank-Kamenetskii. The comparison of calculated values confirmed the agreement of both methods results, and the tendency of fuels to spontaneous combustion can be assessed by them.     

湿煤堆自热过程的非稳态数学模拟

利用简化的自热过程一维数学模型,分析煤堆内水分变化及迁移对煤堆自热所能达到的最高温度的影响。分析结果表明：当煤堆内水蒸气达到饱和时,预计的煤堆最高温度将低于９０℃;而当煤堆中气流的相对湿度减小时,预计的煤堆最高温度将会超过１００℃。结果还表明,把气流相对湿度与煤堆含水量之间的平衡关系引入自热过程的非稳态数学模型,不仅是可行的,而且能够更客观地描述实际煤堆的自热过程。     

二氧化硫脲自热危险性的研究

为评价二氧化硫脲的自热特性,采用同步热分析仪STA和化学品恒温试验箱对其热分解过程进行了研究。考察了质量为250g的样品在温度为100℃、120℃、140℃、160℃、180℃、200℃的自热特性,并考察了质量分别为50g、75g、100g、150g、200g、400g、600g、800g的样品在温度100℃条件下的自热特性。结果表明,二氧化硫脲的分解温度为1250℃,分解热为6013J/g,最大放热速率418mW/mg;二氧化硫脲的自热过程是一个热分解过程,自热最低起始温度为95℃,峰值温度最小为2015℃,且与质量呈函数关系;试验发现现有的自热试验标准或测试方法对二氧化硫脲危险性的划分存在一定的缺陷,建议以样品起始自热温度为基准到样品的峰值温差来判定其是否发生自热。     

The effect of ventilation on spontaneous heating of coal

Ventilation plays an important role in the spontaneous heating of coal in an underground coal mine. If the ventilation rate is too high, heat is carried away by convection. If the ventilation rate is too low, the reaction rate becomes oxygen-limited. The effect of ventilation on the spontaneous heating of coal was investigated in an isothermal oven in this study. Experiments were conducted on three U.S. coal samples with ventilation rates ranging from 100 to 500 cm³/min. Experiments under ventilation were conducted to determine the critical ambient temperature, which is the minimum oven temperature required for a coal sample to achieve thermal runaway. Spontaneous heating tests were then conducted at various ventilation rates at the critical ambient temperature and the results were compared with spontaneous heating tests without ventilation. It was found that there is an optimum ventilation flow to produce the maximum rate of temperature rise at the critical ambient temperature. When the coal sample particle size was increased, a higher critical ambient temperature was required. The results in this study have application in the prevention of spontaneous combustion in underground coal mines.