隧道内通风及障碍物对甲醇蒸气扩散的影响分析

为了研究环境条件对甲醇蒸气扩散以及危险区域的影响,应用CFD方法对隧道内甲醇蒸气的扩散进行模拟。结果表明:隧道内通风能够避免泄露区域产生蒸气积聚;障碍物位于泄漏源的上风向时,通过障碍物的紊乱风流携带作用较强,使甲醇蒸气在下游空间的分布更广,形成的危险区域也较大;障碍物较多时,隧道内的流场紊乱程度较大,气流的携带作用和障碍物间的蒸气积聚作用较强,导致蒸气分布范围广且规律性差;在通风与障碍物的综合影响作用下,甲醇蒸气扩散和分布主要集中于隧道的中下部,上部稳定的气流使蒸气不易产生积聚。     

隧道内槽罐车对甲醇蒸气爆炸压力场影响的数值模拟分析

为了给隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸事故的应急救援提供理论参考,应用CFD数值模拟方法,在同种槽罐车(尺寸为10 m×2.5 m×3 m)分布间距固定的情况下,研究了隧道内槽罐车数量及其相对点火源位置对甲醇蒸气爆炸压力场的影响规律。研究结果表明:槽罐车的存在使隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸超压明显增大,爆炸达到最大超压用时减少;爆炸超压峰值随槽罐车数量的增加而增大,当槽罐车数量从0增加到4时,该隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸超压峰值由89.4 kPa增大到559.4 kPa;当只有1辆槽罐车存在时,槽罐车相对点火源中心的位置可以影响爆炸过程中槽罐车周围压力场的分布,使槽罐车周围压强增大。     

隧道内燃料电池机车氢气泄漏扩散特性分析

氢燃料电池动力系统应用于轨道车辆,替代传统内燃机或弓网受流系统,能显著降低建设投资,并具有高效率、无污染、零碳排放、低噪音等优势。然而由于氢气（H₂）易燃易爆,一旦泄漏,会威胁到人或财产安全,特别在狭小封闭或半封闭空间,空间受限不利于H₂扩散会加剧H₂聚集,因此氢燃料电池机车的广泛推广需要深入分析其安全性。对不同泄漏位置情况下的H₂在隧道内泄漏扩散特性进行数值模拟,研究不同泄漏工况下H₂浓度分布随时变规律,结果显示：在泄漏初始阶段,上部泄漏时受实际气流组织和自身浮力的影响,泄漏后H₂沿隧道顶部向下游方向进行扩散,可燃气体云的轮廓变大,危险区域存在于隧道顶部;下部泄漏时,气体沿列车底部扩散,危险区域存在于隧道底部。研究结果对促进氢燃料电池机车应用推广具有参考意义。     

长贮库房内偏二甲肼扩散浓度快速估算方法

为快速获取判断偏二甲肼(UDMH)长贮库房内泄漏位置所需的关键信息,基于数值模拟方法研究储罐、壁面和通风状态等对长贮库房内UDMH蒸气扩散规律的影响,进而修正理想气体扩散公式中的扩散参数,使其适用于长贮库房内特殊布局和状态条件下UDMH扩散浓度分布的快速估算,并分析不同泄漏位置下该计算公式的误差.结果 表明:泄漏位置与...     

公路隧道内CNG管束气瓶车泄漏天然气扩散CFD仿真

气体管束气瓶车是运输压缩天然气(Compressed Natural Gas, CNG)的重要工具,针对CNG管束气瓶车运输过程中在公路隧道内发生追尾导致泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立CNG管束气瓶车遭追尾致泄漏后果预测与评估模型,对公路隧道内风场条件下泄漏天然气的扩散过程进行模拟与分析,研究CNG管束气瓶车泄漏天然气在隧道内的扩散规律和形成的危险区域范围。仿真结果表明:泄漏天然气扩散具有极速泄漏、外力作用、初期膨胀增长和稳定收缩等特征;喷射气云团能够覆盖肇事车辆前部,可能导致驾驶人员窒息或引发火灾、爆炸事故;实例工况下,泄漏气体扩散至稳态以后,形成爆炸极限浓度范围内的气云分布在肇事车辆前部1.5m至肇事车辆中部之间的区域;进行事故应急响应时,应封锁事故隧道,加强隧道内通风,在消防水枪的稀释掩护下对管束气瓶车进行堵漏作业。     

车载储氢瓶泄漏及车库内通风方式研究

为研究车库内燃料电池汽车氢气意外泄漏后的浓度分布情况,采用ANSYS软件,通过分析可燃性气体体积、水平方向和垂直方向氢气的扩散分布、不同泄漏位置氢气的扩散情况,研究6种不同通风方式对氢气意外泄漏扩散分布的影响,针对车库内氢气泄漏的特性,在通风方式上引入侧墙底部送风和侧墙顶部送风方式。研究结果表明：底部送风能显著加快氢气的扩散和排出。垂直高度上氢气浓度分布不均,侧墙顶部送风能使顶部堆积的氢气向下扩散,降低最大气体浓度;在墙角泄漏会由于墙壁的影响导致氢气堆积,对墙角局部通风尤为重要。研究结果可为氢燃料电池汽车专用车库的通风设计提供重要参考。     

火源与排烟口布置对隧道火灾排烟影响的数值模拟

运用FDS软件对某半横向通风隧道火灾进行数值模拟,研究了火灾中火源与排烟口布置中烟气蔓延与排烟效果的影响。通过模拟6种不同火源与排烟口布置组合工况下隧道内烟气质量浓度、回流长度的变化规律,得出半横向通风排烟系统排烟效果规律。结果表明:火源位于隧道中间与右车道时,隧道内烟气质量浓度分布基本相同,表明火源位置横向分布对半横向通风系统排烟效果几乎没有影响,而排烟口分布对火灾烟气的蔓延影响较大,排烟口位于烟道板两侧时隧道内烟气质量浓度和回流长度都明显小于当其位于烟道板中部与右侧1/3处时,表明排烟口位于烟道板两侧时隧道排烟系统排烟效果较好,而排烟口位于烟道板中部与右侧1/3处时,两者排烟效果相同,这与文献的小尺寸试验研究结果相吻合。     

公路隧道内危险物质泄漏扩散的研究

针对隧道内装有危险物质 (乙炔 )的载重车在行驶过程中发生小孔泄漏导致乙炔扩散的情况 ,建立了物理数学模型。即采用有限体积法和Simple算法 ,求解雷诺时均的Navier Stokes方程和k ε湍流模型。分析了车辆行使过程中危险物质释放前后隧道内的流场和两种释放方式下 (水平释放、垂直释放 )乙炔的浓度分布 ;针对不同的泄漏方式 ,考虑了后面跟随车辆及隧道顶部通风对乙炔扩散过程的影响 ;得出了有意义的结果 ,为进一步了解实际情况下危险气体扩散行为 ,并加以控制和减少事故提供了理论依据。     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(3)平行换乘车站火灾*

为探究平行换乘车站火灾烟气扩散特性及排烟优化模式,利用1∶10地铁换乘车站模型,在公共站厅、站台、单洞单线隧道、单洞双线隧道中设计多种火灾场景,分析各区域内的顶棚温度分布情况。结果表明:公共站厅不同位置发生火灾时,各区域内的烟气蔓延特性和通风排烟效果不同;站台火灾时,打开屏蔽门能增大补风量,延缓火源上方的升温过程,降低站台内部温升,并且在联合站台及两侧隧道排烟时仅开启火源附近6个屏蔽门有利于提高排烟效率;单洞单线隧道火灾时烟气温度相对较高,单洞双线隧道火灾时,近火源区域内起火隧道和未起火隧道的烟气分布特性不同,烟气可通过打开的屏蔽门蔓延至临近站台,开启隧道排烟及站台送风后能有效减小温升幅度和烟气扩散范围。实验结果可为平行换乘车站中的火灾烟气通风控制方案提供数据支撑。     

飞机库燃油泄漏扩散特性及影响因素分析

为有效预防飞机库燃油泄漏扩散导致的重大安全事故,基于国内某飞机库空间结构,建立了燃油泄漏扩散试验平台,通过模拟试验及数值模拟的方法,探究飞机库燃油泄漏扩散过程油气体积分数的分布规律及环境因素的影响。结果表明：飞机库水平方向上油气扩散速度较快,竖直方向上呈现明显的分层规律,经过初始稀释、障碍累积、重力沉降及被动扩散阶段后实现浓度平衡;温度、泄漏位置和泄漏量对飞机库内油气体积分数分布影响显著,随着温度的升高,模拟机库空间内最大油气体积分数增幅较大,泄漏位置主要影响空间内部油气扩散达到平衡体积分数的时间,泄漏量对空间内最大油气体积分数、油气的平衡体积分数及达到平衡体积分数的时间均有影响,对油气的产生速率影响不大;飞机库内障碍因子对油气扩散的扰动以及油气累积后的二次加速现象,使得飞机库内湍流强度急剧增大,导致危险油气体积分数区域不断扩大。     

细水雾抑制隧道甲醇火灾的全尺寸实验研究

针对难以迅速扑灭的隧道甲醇火灾场景,在截面积9.14 m~2,长38 m的全尺寸隧道内开展了一系列实验,研究了不同通风条件下多喷头细水雾系统对隧道甲醇火灾的抑制作用。通过分析火源周围温度分布、火源下风向隧道温度分布及隧道能见度等参数,综合评估了通风条件下细水雾系统抑制隧道火灾的效果。结果表明:纵向通风降低隧道温度的同时易引起人眼高度处温度升高;细水雾能迅速控制火灾发展并有效降低隧道温度,但细水雾雾滴的扩散与沉降易造成隧道能见度的下降。在本文条件下,风速为4.98 m/s的纵向通风和10 MPa压力下的6喷头细水雾系统共同作用能够有效降低火源周围温度和隧道温度,并显著提高隧道能见度。     

Effects of premixed methane concentration on distribution of flame region and hazard effects in a tube and a tunnel gas explosion

Study of flame distribution laws and the hazard effects in a tunnel gas explosion accident is of great importance for safety issue. However, it has not yet been fully explored. The object of present work is mainly to study the effects of premixed gas concentration on the distribution law of the flame region and the hazard effects involving methane-air explosion in a tube and a tunnel based on experimental and numerical results. The experiments were conducted in a tube with one end closed and the other open. The tube was partially filled with premixed methane-air mixture with six different premixed methane concentrations. Major simulation works were performed in a full-scale tunnel with a length of 1000 m. The first 56 m of the tunnel were occupied by methane–air mixture. Results show that the flame region is always longer than the original gas region in any case. Concentration has significant effects on the flame region distribution and the explosion behaviors. In the tube, peak overpressures and maximum rates of overpressure rise (dp/dt)_max for mixtures with lower and higher concentrations are great lower than that for mixtures close to stoichiometric concentration. Due to the gas diffusion effect, not the stoichiometric mixture but the mixture with a slightly higher concentration of 11% gets the highest peak overpressure and the shock wave speed along the tube. In the full-scale tunnel, for fuel lean and stoichiometric mixture, the maximum peak combustion rates is achieved before arriving at the boundary of the original methane accumulation region, while for fuel rich mixture, the maximum value appears beyond the region. It is also found that the flame region for the case of stoichiometric mixture is the shortest as 72 m since the higher explosion intensity shortens the gas diffusion time. The case for concentration of 13% can reach up to a longest value of 128 m for longer diffusion time and the abundant fuel. The “serious injury and death” zone caused by shock wave may reach up to 3–8 times of the length of the original methane occupied region, which is the widest damage region.     

挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律研究*

为研究挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律,采用Fluent 软件模拟增设挡气板条件下泄漏燃气浓度分布特性,研究挡气板对探测效果及危险区域分布影响规律。结果表明:无通风情况下,增设挡气板可提升探测效果;正常通风条件下,探测效果无明显提升;挡气板高度达到0.5 m后,继续增加设置高度,探测效果无显著提升;无通风条件下,受挡气板区间段阻挡作用影响,燃气浓度危险区域扩张速度减小;正常通风条件下,挡气板背风侧安全区域间接促进泄漏燃气扩散排出,可有效防止管廊内部燃气聚集。研究结果可为优化综合管廊燃气舱可燃气体探测布置方案提供新思路与理论依据。     

Flammability envelopes for methanol,ethanol, acetonitrile and toluene

The flammability envelope was experimentally determined up to the point of vapor saturation for four flammable liquids: methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. The experimental apparatus consisted of a 20-L spherical chamber with a centrally located 10 J fuse wire igniter. The liquid was injected and vaporized into the chamber via a septum and a precision syringe. Nitrogen and oxygen were mixed from pure components using a precision pressure gauge. Pressure versus time data were measured for each ignition test. Flammability was defined as any ignition resulting in an increase in pressure of 7% over the initial pressure, as per ASTM E 918–83. All data were obtained at an initial temperature of 298 K and 1 atm. The experimental values of the LFL agreed well with published values. Limiting oxygen concentrations (LOC) were also determined—although these were somewhat lower than published values.The calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method was used to model the data using a threshold temperature of 1200 K. A reasonable fit of the flammability envelope was obtained, although this could be improved with a higher threshold temperature.     

Prediction of methanol loss in vapor phase during gas hydrate inhibition using Arrhenius-type functions

Gas hydrate formation in natural gas and NGL systems can block pipelines, equipment, and instruments, restricting or interrupting flow leading to safety hazards to production/transportation systems and to substantial economic risks. The amount of hydrate inhibitor to be injected not only must be sufficient to prevent freezing of the inhibitor water phase, but also must be sufficient to provide for the equilibrium vapor phase content of the inhibitor. The vapor pressure of methanol must be high enough so that significant quantities will vaporize. Therefore to estimate methanol vaporization losses, it is necessary to develop a new predictive tool. In this work, a simple correlation, which is a mathematically compact and reasonably accurate equation containing few tuned coefficients, is presented here for the prediction of methanol vaporization loss and vapor pressures of aqueous methanol solutions as a function of temperature and methanol mass fraction in aqueous solutions using a novel and theoretically meaningful Arrhenius-type asymptotic exponential function and Vandermonde matrix. The proposed correlation predicts the vapor pressures of aqueous methanol solutions for temperatures up to 100 °C and methanol vaporization loss for temperature between ?16 and 16 °C. Estimations are found to be in excellent agreement with the reliable data in the literature where the average absolute deviation from data is less than 1.5%. The tool developed in this study can be of immense practical value for the engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the methanol vaporization loss and vapor pressures of aqueous methanol solutions at various conditions without opting for any experimental measurements. In particular, chemical and process engineers would find the approach to be user-friendly with transparent calculations involving no complex expressions.     

气田井喷硫化氢风洞模拟试验研究

为研究高含硫气田发生井喷事故后硫化氢的扩散运动规律,以重庆开县"12·23"井喷事故为研究对象,利用北京大学的2号环境风洞,制作了1∶2000的比例模型,利用乙烯和丙烯的混合气为示踪气体,采用长采样管方法测量浓度,首次在国内进行了井喷事故后硫化氢扩散的风洞试验,获得了低风速下(源处10m高风速为0.5m/s)N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,NW8个风向情况下的硫化氢浓度分布随时间的演化动画,定量地给出了各风向情况下硫化氢的最大浓度分布和各点的浓度时间序列,认为在低风速下,最大硫化氢浓度区域在撞山爬坡时出现,而爬过山坡后在背风区的硫化氢浓度会迅速降低。研究成果将为气田的井喷风险分级以及井喷事故后的应急处理提供参考。     

基于Realizable k－ε 湍流模型的氨气泄漏数值模拟研究

针对液氨泄漏事故,为了分析不同泄漏点、不同排风条件下氨气的运移规律,以便合理设置应急处置装备、采取有效措施,基于Realizable k－ε的氨气泄漏有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算了液氨泄漏质量,模拟分析了增加排风口、不同液氨泄漏口及不同液氨泄漏量的氨气扩散规律及浓度变化情况。模拟结果表明:对流排风口位置对于泄漏氨气浓度影响较大,泄漏口位置对泄漏氨气扩散影响不显著;氨气泄漏量的增加使得泄漏口垂直方向氨气浓度显著增加。     

基于OpenFOAM的综合管廊舱内燃气泄漏扩散数值模拟

为实现综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散的精确高效模拟分析,进而为综合管廊燃气泄漏事故的安全防控提供技术支撑,利用OpenFOAM对城市地下综合管廊舱内燃气泄漏扩散进行数值建模计算,研究分析通风受限空间内的燃气泄漏扩散规律,并结合对应急响应时间的分析验证了通风策略的有效性。研究结果表明:气体射流作用与浮升力作用是影响综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散浓度分布的重要因素,采取合理的通风措施可有效加速燃气的流动与扩散,缩短燃气泄漏报警响应时间,有利于燃气泄漏事故应急决策与应急救援的快速实施。