控制环境与健康风险:美国环境标准制度功能借鉴

传统观念下,环境与健康分属两个不同领域,美国作为最早遭遇环境与健康问题的国家,经过多年努力,形成了建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系和环境与健康风险评估框架,实现了对环境与健康风险的有效控制。美国对环境污染物的界定主要取决于其对公共健康的影响,将污染物分为普遍及对公共健康危害较大的污染物、一些污染范围较小或对公共健康危害较小的污染物两类,且采取不同的标准制定方法。在标准制定方面,主要是将有关科学共识转化为可执行的环境标准。为了避免环境标准的不确定性带来的不利影响,建立了包括科学论证、公开透明、周期性审查等较为严格的环境标准制定程序。美国赋予环境标准制度以控制环境与健康风险的功能,并通过建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系,实现对环境与健康风险有效控制的执法路径,对解决中国目前存在的环境标准价值缺失、体系割裂、内容缺失等问题,实现环境标准的功能再造具有较强的借鉴意义。     

生猪养殖适度规模:产出、效益与环境——基于全国8省份1484个养殖户数据的实证

近年来,我国生猪养殖市场产生了剧烈波动,也催生了对生猪养殖适度规模问题的思考。本文基于8省份1484份生猪养殖户的调查数据,采用Translog生产函数和C-D生产函数,从产出、效益和环境三个维度对生猪养殖规模效应进行实证研究。研究表明：生猪养殖规模与环境污染之间存在倒“U”形关系;综合考虑产出、效益和环境三个方面,适度规模应为年出栏1000~1999头;养殖经验对生猪养殖的产出和效益影响显著,环保认知和参加培训状况对环境污染影响显著。基于此,积极引导养殖户合理科学扩大养殖规模、增强环境意识,提升生猪养殖从业人员长期经营的驱动力,对促进养殖行业绿色发展具有重要意义。     

Brownfield redevelopment as a smart growth option in the United States

An evaluation is made of brownfields redevelopment as a smart growth policy compared to purchase of land, restrictive growth policies, changing transportation patterns, promoting compact development designs on the metropolitan fringe, and regional government. In the US brownfields redevelopment has clear advantages with regard to environmental protection, moral imperative, and government and special interest reactions. Its rank with regard to economic feasibility, ability to respond to changes in technology, and public reaction are not clear. A great deal more research is needed, especially about the costs of brownfield redevelopment and public preferences for housing type and location to be certain about brownfields redevelopment as a viable smart growth option.     

浅析大气环境与健康、疾病的关系

文章对造成大气污染的主要途径,如自然污染、人类活动以及气象条件对大气污染的影响进行了探讨,分析了能源使用、工农业生产过程、交通运输对大气的影响,浅析了大气污染与人类健康、人类疾病的关系,大气污染对呼吸系统、免疫系统,以及对细胞染色体和基因损伤方面的影响。     

推行HSE管理体系 提高环境管理水平

健康、安全与环境管理体系（简称HSE管理体系）,是国际石油勘探开发行业健康管理、安全管理、环境管理的一种系统方法,通过实施评价和风险管理,达到保障员工健康,保证安全生产,保护环境的目的。1997年以来,中原油田从建立完善HSE管理体系入手,通过开展HSE宣传教育,实施评价和风险管理,落实HSE管理计划,提高了环境管理水平,促进了环保工作的开展。     

Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale-I: theoretical considerations and model implementation

A geo-referenced environmental fate model was developed for analyzing unsteady-state dispersion and distribution of chemicals in multimedia environmental systems. Chemical transport processes were formulated in seven environmental compartments of air, canopy, surface soil, root-zone soil, vadose-zone soil, surface water, and sediment. The model assumed that the compartments were completely mixed and chemical equilibrium was established instantaneously between the sub-compartments within each compartment. A fugacity approach was utilized to formulate the mechanisms of diffusion, advection, physical interfacial transport, and transformation reactions. The governing equations of chemical mass balances in the environmental compartments were solved simultaneously to reflect the interactions between the compartments. A geographic information system (GIS) database and geospatial analysis were integrated into the chemical transport simulation to provide spatially explicit estimations of model parameters at watershed scale. Temporal variations of the environmental properties and source emissions were also considered in the parameter estimations. The outputs of the model included time-dependent chemical concentrations in each compartment and its sub-compartments, and inter-media mass fluxes between adjacent compartments at daily time steps.     

Partnerships and governance at the environment–health nexus in Ontario: lessons from five case examples

The move towards partnerships and collaborative governance models has been advocated in global health discussions for many years now. A case example methodology was applied to this study. It was composed of a document review and semi-structured interviews with key informants from five environment and public health partnerships in the province of Ontario, Canada. These case examples highlight the merits and the challenges of diverse partnerships, and the importance of governance and leadership models, scaling up (and out) impact, and cross-cultural communications to these arrangements. Further work is required to articulate situations in which public health partnerships can be strengthened.     

螺丝壳山风景区保健旅游的环境与气候

螺丝壳山风景区风光秀美，其空气和水环境质量良好，低日照、低太阳辐射、湿润、低风速等气候有利于保健美容；并随着全球环境污染、气候变化而越来越体现其价值。     

新安江-钱塘江流域水环境健康风险评价研究

本文采用美国环境保护署推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对新安江—钱塘江流域水体通过饮水途径导致的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水环境质量监测的11项污染物浓度均符合或优于地表水三类标准。对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ);非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;个人化学致癌物年总风险远大于非致癌物年总风险;2014年新安江—钱塘江流域的三都大桥断面、西区、闸口、七堡断面的水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的标准,分别超标0.03、0.69、0.20、0.23倍,其主要原因是这些断面的Cr(Ⅵ)的风险略高。因此,加强对化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ)的管控,是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径。     

环保型阻垢剂的研究进展

介绍了近年来循环冷却水系统中环保型阻垢剂的研究进展。重点阐述了价廉无污染的淀粉、单宁、木质素、纤维素、壳聚糖和腐植酸钠等天然高分子环保型阻垢剂,以及目前广泛应用的共聚物类的环保型阻垢剂和聚环氧琥珀酸、聚天冬氨酸、S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸等新型环保型阻垢剂的阻垢性能和环境降解性能,并对这些阻垢剂的应用现状进行了阐述。而改性和复配是环保型阻垢剂的发展趋势。     

Biomass combustion and indoor air pollution: the bright and dark sides of small is beautiful

About half the world's households cook and/or heat daily with biomass fuels. At small scale, biomass combustion releases significant amounts of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons, the latter with significant concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Preliminary measurements in kitchens of developing-country villages have established airborne concentrations of these healthdamaging pollutants that are orders of magnitude above urban levels or relevant standards. Particle size measurements and dose calculations lead to significant concerns about potential health hazards. The few epidemiological studies are consistent with such effects although more work is clearly needed. These findings may have significant implications for the planning of rural energy development in a number of countries. In particular, they may relate directly to the question of the optimum balance between centralized and decentralized systems.     

企业质量、健康、安全、环境管理一体化浅谈

简要介绍了企业质量、环境管理以及健康、安全、环境(HSE)三种管理体系的基本要素、管理原则和要求,从标准的服务点、要素的内容、结构对应性方面分析了ISO9000、ISO14000及HSE管理体系标准的共同点。介绍了持续改进、预防为主、最高管理者承诺和责任、全员参与、系统化程序化管理支持五个方面的不同之处,从中找出其内在的联系和一致性,从而使企业质量、安全、环境一体化管理成为可能。结合本企业的实施实例,说明了实施质量、健康、安全环境一体化管理的优点。     

古城旅游地旅游影响的居民感知研究——以黄山市歙县徽州古城为例

古城旅游地是独具中国传统魅力的重要旅游目的地,而古城居民是古城生命力之所在。以黄山市歙县徽州古城为案例地,运用因子分析法,提取了古城居民感知的3个积极影响公因子和2个消极影响公因子,通过均值的比较,分析了居民对旅游影响的总体感知与态度。在此基础上,采用Bonferroni多变量协方差分析法（MNOVA）进一步分析不同细分居民群体对旅游影响感知的差异,展望了未来居民利益诉求的转变方向,以期为政府部门、旅游管理部门、旅游规划部门提供有益参考,促进古城旅游业的可持续发展。     

室内环境污染及防治对策

室内环境污染已成为现实生活中越来越显著的问题,严重影响着人们的身体健康,应该尽早建立监测和监督管理制度。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,并提出相应对策,指出了室内环境污染的防治要从源头有效控制和普及居住健康知识以及加强监督管理三个方面入手,住宅装修要坚持绿色方向,推广使用室内空气净化设施,选择好装饰材料,注意家电污染,增加室内换气频率,政府部门要加强对行业的监督管理,加强科研工作,制定绿色产品标准。     

HSE绿卡管理模式在HSE管理体系中的应用

结合健康、安全与环境(HSE)管理体系的实施,提出了HSE绿卡管理模式。利用该模式可以在不同阶段对不同岗位、不同专业的人员进行科学的及系统的HSE培训教育工作,对员工进行规范的HSE培训、考核与管理,从而有效地消除生产过程中人工操作的不安全行为。实际验证结果表明: HSE绿卡管理模式是实施HSE管理体系的有效措施,它为成功地实施健康、安全与环境管理体系提供了充足的人力“资源”基础,从而实现“以人为本”的现代管理体制。