采用电动修复增强技术去除电镀污泥中重金属

为提高电动修复技术去除电镀污泥中的重金属(Cu, Pb, Zn , Cr, Ni)的效率,采用污泥预酸化处理及阴极pH值控制处理2种途径进行强化,反应过程中电压为32V,处理时间为7d,结果表明,电镀污泥酸化pH值至4.5时,污泥中重金属的可移动性明显提高了,依次为Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb;污泥预酸化加阴极pH值控制处理能使电镀污泥中Zn、Ni、Cu和Pb交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机硫化物态转化为可溶离子态,转化量大小依次为Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb,且该处理Zn、Ni、Cu和Pb的去除率分别达到74.02%、68.38%、39.22%、21.37%;但污泥预酸化及阴极pH值控制处理都不利于Cr的去除,对照处理Cr去除率为77.83%,污泥预酸化处理去除率降为40.65%,污泥预酸化加阴极pH值控制处理降至12.80%.     

电镀污泥中重金属溶出动力学及其在土壤中的归趋

电镀污泥是电镀工业中重金属的"汇",在降水的作用下可能向环境释放大量的重金属.本文通过连续浸出实验和动力学拟合探究了电镀污泥中重金属的溶出特性,并分析了重金属在土壤中的吸附、迁移转化及淋出行为.结果表明,在淋溶初期,重金属从电镀污泥中大量释放,且土壤中Cr （Ⅵ）、Ni的淋出浓度分别高达0.102、0.222 mg·L^-1.淋溶后,表层土壤中Ni、Cu的总量及可交换态/碳酸盐结合态含量均显著增加;由于专性吸附作用,Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态含量也大量增加,Cu在土壤中的吸附率高达89.32%~97.67%,降低了其从土壤中的淋出风险.Cr、Ni、Cu更易在红壤中发生吸附并转化为稳定的有机结合态,降低了重金属的潜在迁移性;相应地,电镀污泥中释放的Cr、Ni、Cu在栗钙土中具有较高的淋出风险.     

氨络合法电化学捕集去除城市污泥中重金属的研究

采用自行设计的电动污泥处理装置,以城市污水厂污泥作为试验对象,设置氨水添加比分别为0、0.08、0.10、0.12 (V:V,氨水/试样污泥),在恒定直流电压下运行120h,研究氨络合效应与直接利用阳极产酸对污泥中重金属捕集去除效果的影响.结果表明,阳极酸化对污泥中重金属有一定的溶出去除作用;氨水的添加对电动处理过程中污泥pH值的降低与电流密度的提高没有阻碍,但能够有效提高污泥中重金属的捕集去除率;当氨水添加比为0.12时,污泥中Zn和Cu的捕集去除效果最佳,分别达91.62%和71.49%.氨水添加比为0.08时,Pb的捕集去除率最佳,达47.85%.氨水的添加对污泥中重金属的形态和迁移性有明显影响,主要表现为稳定形态如残渣态、有机结合态的减少及可交换形态的增加.     

生物沥浸对自然干化污泥重金属去除效果研究

重金属的去除是污泥农用需要解决的关键问题之一.本研究采用摇瓶实验,将氧化硫硫杆菌为功能微生物的生物沥浸技术应用于干化污泥重金属的去除,对山西省不同污水处理厂11个干化污泥样品进行了为期15 d的生物沥浸处理.分析了生物沥浸体系p H及SO2-4的变化情况,并对生物沥浸前后污泥中Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Cr等重金属去除率及有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等养分的损失率进行了分析.结果表明,干污泥直接进行生物沥浸过程较为缓慢,无机酸对体系的酸化能够快速启动干化污泥的生物沥浸过程.无机酸酸化后,体系S0的生物氧化率逐渐提高,酸化速率加快,且污泥重金属去除率随着p H的降低而提高,生物沥浸过程结束后,供试污泥样品Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Cr的去除率分别为23.69%~77.62%、89.67%~97.80%、30.24%~84.31%、18.18%~97.05%和28.55%~67.11%,而污泥有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量损失率分别为3%、1%、44%和8%,污泥剩余养分含量满足农用泥质标准(CJ/T309-2009)的限定值.Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Cr去除率与污泥有机质含量呈显著负相关关系(r=0.935、0.895、0.932、0.516、0.847,n=11).     

黄铁矿与硫粉配合提高污泥重金属的淋滤效果

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了黄铁矿与硫粉2种底物配合使用对污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,2种底物配合可加速污泥中重金属(Zn, Cu)的浸出,显著提高其去除率.经过18d的生物淋滤,在2种底物配合并接种的处理中,Zn和Cu的去除率分别可达89.2%,56.5%;而在单独加黄铁矿并接种的处理中两者的去除率分别为12.0%, 0.9%;单独添加硫粉并接种处理中分别为85.2%,37.6%,进一步验证了生物淋滤技术去除污泥中重金属的可行性.     

混合嗜酸菌浸出污泥中重金属机制判定方法

为判断混合菌种的生物沥浸机制,采用添加沥浸混合菌种+作用底物（硫酸亚铁铵、硫粉）、只添加作用底物和仅加硫酸3组实验,估算直接氧化作用（F₁₁）,化学氧化作用（F₁₂）和酸性浸出作用（F₁₃）的贡献率,从而获得混合菌种的重金属浸出机制.针对某污水处理厂剩余污泥的生物沥滤实验结果表明,Cu的浸出过程中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为92.55%、7.45%、0%,说明混合菌种作用下Cu的浸出机制主要为直接机制;Zn的沥浸作用中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为18.86%、44.35%、36.79%,判定Zn在混合菌种的作用下为间接机制.该法可在实际环境条件下判定重金属的生物沥浸机制,对相关研究和实际应用提供理论依据.     

水口山某废石场重金属垂向分布特征及浸出毒性

多金属矿区因采冶活动遗留的废石存量大,其重金属污染问题已备受关注.目前对废石场中重金属的分布特征和浸出毒性研究较少.本研究以湖南省水口山矿区某废石场为对象,垂直钻孔并取样分析7种重(类)金属,包括Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu、Ni和Cr的垂向分布特征和浸出毒性,并结合主量元素(Fe、Mn、Al和Mg)浸出行为、物相表征...     

某电镀厂污泥酸浸除杂提磷试验

探讨了武汉某工业园电镀厂污泥酸浸、除杂提磷的工艺及条件。当H2SO4（浓度为72％）用量为4mL/g污泥,在液固比为5：1,常温搅拌浸出时间为1h,用碱液调节浸出液pH为4后沉淀1h,过滤,磷的浸出率为86％,铁的沉淀率达到94．2％,除铁后的浸出液进一步用NH4HCO3净化,并制取磷铵产品,总养分（N＋P2O5）为52％。产品达到国家合格品的标准。     

Leaching of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash by means of acid extraction followed by adsorption on orange waste gel

Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% (W/W), which indicates a potential resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The e ects of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with acid to e ciently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus.     

生物沥浸对精对苯二甲酸化工污泥脱水性能的提高及其重金属脱除效果

通过摇瓶培养试验研究了生物沥浸处理对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)化工污泥脱水性能和重金属去除效果的影响.研究表明,PTA污泥经生物沥浸后脱水效果得到了较好的改善,且营养剂最佳投加量为5g·L-1.经生物沥浸2d后污泥的pH从7.37下降到2.29,比阻从62.64×1012m·kg-1下降到2.36×1012m·kg-1,降低了96.23%.在最佳处理条件下对该化工污泥进行多批次生物沥浸中试试验,并对沥浸后污泥采用厢式压滤机脱水.结果表明,经生物沥浸处理后污泥静置24h,污泥沉降率可从2%提高到33%,厢式压滤脱水后泥饼含水率下降到45.9%,与对照相比,污泥体积减少了91.1%.泥饼中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Co的去除率分别为95.15%、85.20%、42.11%、82.59%和64.42%;滤液中COD和氨态氮去除率分别为42.82%和74.98%.可见,生物沥浸法不仅能够较好地改善化工污泥的脱水性能,还能脱除污泥中的重金属.这对生物沥浸技术在PTA化工污泥上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

焙烧酸浸联合处理电镀高铬污泥高值化利用研究

采取焙烧-酸浸方法处理电镀铬污泥生成高纯度绿铬矿(Cr₂O₃),达到将危险废物处理后变成高附加值产品资源化利用的目的 .考察了焙烧温度、酸种类、酸浓度及酸浸次数对电镀铬污泥中硫酸钠和其他重金属杂质去除的影响规律,确定最佳工艺方法及参数为1 mol·L^-1盐酸酸浸预处理-空气600℃焙烧2 h-3 mol·L^-1盐酸酸浸处理-水洗处理.经过处理后,电镀铬污泥中Na₂SO₄去除率在99%以上,产品Cr₂O₃纯度可以达到99%,平均粒径为40 nm,所制备的纳米级Cr₂O₃符合工业三氧化二铬行业标准一类优等品指标要求.产品有望用于等离子喷涂、颜料生产等领域,方法可为电镀铬污泥资源化及提高企业效益提供参考.     

pH值调控对柑橘废渣与污泥厌氧共发酵产酸影响

为提高挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量,探究了柑橘废渣和剩余污泥不同VS(挥发性固体)配比及调控发酵过程pH值对产VFA性能的影响.结果表明:调节共发酵系统pH值为6对VFA的积累有促进作用,柑橘废渣VS/剩余污泥VS为2时的最大VFA产量为11183.12mg/L,是未控制pH值组最高VFA浓度的1.75倍.柑橘废渣中的...     

New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2+and Zn2+in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients(above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit(p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2+and Zn2+, respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation(between –NH2,-CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange(between –COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合去除厌氧消化污泥中重金属的研究

以武汉某污水处理厂未厌氧消化与厌氧消化的污泥(分别为S1和S2)为研究对象,通过振荡淋洗实验,研究了皂角苷(质量分数0.1%~2.0%)和柠檬酸(0~1 mol·L~(-1))联合对2种污泥中Ni、Pb、Zn的去除效果,确定皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗的最佳浓度组合,并采用BCR连续提取法分析淋洗前后3种重金属的形态变化.结果表明,皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对污泥中3种重金属均有较好的去除效果,Ni、Pb、Zn的最高总去除率分别为76.02%、59.93%和15.94%.综合分析,1%的皂角苷与0.4 mol·L~(-1)的柠檬酸联合淋洗的去除效果最好,2种污泥中重金属去除率的大小均为未厌氧消化污泥(S1)厌氧消化污泥(S2).与未厌氧消化污泥相比,厌氧消化污泥Ni的残渣态、Pb的可还原态及Zn的可氧化态含量明显增加,而Ni的可还原态含量减少.联合淋洗后S1、S2中约80%的酸溶态和可还原态的Ni、Zn被去除,Pb的可还原态分别去除67.07%和58.06%;且各重金属残渣态所占比例大幅度增加,其中,Pb的增加最为明显,所占比例超过90%.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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2011年中国钢铁行业典型有害重金属大气排放清单

根据中国钢铁工业年鉴等统计资料,采用排放因子法,对2011年我国钢铁行业生产活动导致的汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)等6种有害重金属的大气排放及其分布特征进行了研究,并给出了分省区排放清单.结果表明,2011年中国钢铁行业汞、铅、镉、砷、铬、镍大气排放量分别约为18.8, 3745.8, 39.4, 132.2, 241.2, 105.3t;钢铁行业重金属大气排放集中在环渤海经济圈以及长三角地区,其中河北东部及中南部、山东中部等钢铁冶炼企业集中地区重金属大气排放强度较大;钢铁企业内部炼钢工艺对重金属大气排放贡献率较高,其中转炉工序对砷、铅排放贡献率较大,电炉工序对于镉、镍贡献率较大.     

Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).