膜界面探针在炼厂油罐区场地环境调查中的应用

利用膜界面探针技术(MIP)在西北某炼厂油罐区环境调查中进行了应用,通过光离子化检测器(PID)、火焰离子化检测仪(FID)两个检测器的响应值确定了油罐区的污染分布情况,并结合取样实验室分析结果对膜界面探针数据和实验室分析数据进行相关性分析。结果表明:污染物主要分布在汽柴油以及部分原油罐区。MIP信号值与实验室分析的苯系物浓度的拟合程度高于石油烃,FID、PID与苯系物浓度的相关系数(R2)分别为0.879 7和0.907 1。     

沱江氮污染物转化规律

本文研究沱江氮污染物转化规律及主要影响因素。通过实验室模拟试验野外现场水团追踪试验求得氨氮在沱江水体中的总消失速度常数KT,硝化速度常数KJ温度校正系数θ以及氨氮的耗氧系数。建立计算沱江氮污染容量的数学模式,从而可算沱江不同流量和不同水温条件下的氮污染物容量。     

毫米波大气衰减系数测量方法研究

毫米波在海上传播时存在着比较大的大气衰减系数,该系数会造成RCS测量出现误差。为准确测量毫米波RCS,必须设置准确的大气衰减修正系数。以毫米波RCS测量实际出发,给出了几种测量当时当地毫米波大气衰减系数的方法,得出了计算衰减系数的公式。经仿真验证,方法过程是有效的。     

高压电机线棒放电起始电压U_i的气压校正系数

大气压力对放电起始电压的影响,可用校正系数Kp表示。根据U_0=U_1/Kp,可以把非标准气压下测定的放电起始电压U_1值校正到标准气压下的数值U_0,或者把所要求的放电起始电压u_0值换算为非标准气压下所应获得的值U_1。本文根据试验提出的气压校正系数Kp可用于各种电压等级的电机。     

一种吸声系数现场测量装置

为了解决现有降噪材料吸声系数测量方法缺陷,实现对材料现场安装后的吸声系数进行测量,研制了一套测量现场吸声系数的装置。该装置在脉冲反射法基础上,结合了时选窗技术和波形消除技术。使用研制的测量装置在现场进行吸声系数测量,并将测量结果与混响室法和驻波管法测量结果等进行了比较分析。     

二次电子发射系数在航天器表面充电的应用

二次电子发射现象是电子入射到材料表面并从材料表面激发出次级电子的现象。在航天领域,二次电子发射系数对于评估和预测航天器的表面充电水平具有十分重要的作用。本文对航天器的表面充电机制进行了介绍,结合航天器表面充电平衡方程编写了计算航天器表面充电电位的Matlab程序,使用航天表面材料二次电子发射系数的测量结果通过计算获得了特定环境下某材料的表面充电电位,为评估材料二次电子发射系数对表面充电的影响提供了一个直接的分析工具。     

220千伏高压输电线路对电磁环境的影响分析及防治对策

通过对220kV输电线路电磁辐射的实际测量和理论计算,研究和讨论了220kV单回路和双回路输电线产生的电磁辐射对环境的影响,并提出降低电磁辐射水平的对策与建议。     

航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法

本文分析了航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应防护技术的国际系列标准现状,首次提出了一套航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法,阐述了其计算原理、计算程序与计算案例。验证案例表明,地面模拟试验值与三个不同数据来源的预计值在一定的误差范围以内,可以为在飞机全寿命周期过程中及时发现中子单粒子效应故障对设备的危害影响提供一个必要的定量计算工具。     

环境试验设备参数测量──盐雾交变试验设备

分析盐雾交变试验设备的功能和实际使用情况,得出其参数测量可依据的相关标准。基于盐雾污染影响干湿球法测量湿度的事实,提示湿度测量时应注意盐雾污染。分析干湿球系数对干湿球法测量湿度的影响和通风速度对干湿球系数的影响,提示对采用自然空气对流恒温恒湿的盐雾交变试验设备的湿度测量,注意干湿球系数A值对湿度测量的影响。同时,对空气自然对流的干湿球湿度表的干湿球系数A值的标定,提出一种简易的方法。     

分光光度法与容量法测定COD_(Cr)值的对比实验

本文将CODCr测定的重铬酸钾褪色法运用于本监测中心的日常样品测定中,并且与《GB11914—89水质化学需氧量》方法进行了同时测定,结果相同,另外还推算出了消除硫酸铬干扰产生的曲线校值系数,应用此系数的倒数乘褪色方程的斜率得出新方程,将双波长测定改为单波长测定,两种方程计算结果一致。     

SPE-HPLC/MS联用法测定地表水中的PFOA及PFOS含量

本文建立了固相萃取与高效液相色谱／质谱（HPLC／MS）联用的方法来测定地表水中全氟辛酸（PFOA）及全氟辛烷基磺酸（PFOS）的含量。此方法中PFOA在水样中的线性范围为40ng／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9986，PFOS在水样中的线性范围为5n异／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9905。此方法中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均回收率分另13为83.91％和86.63％。水样中全氟辛酸和全氟辛炕基磺酸的检出限均为0.5ng／L。方法准确、可靠，分析结果令人满意。采用此方法测定了上海部分地区地表水中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的含量。实验结果表明，上海地区长江入海口处徐六泾段全氟辛酸的平均浓度是46．88ng／L，全氟辛烷基磺酸未检出；黄浦江段全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均浓度分别是1594．83ng／L（前处理后需稀释10倍以确保在方法线性范围内）和20．46ng/L。可见长江及黄浦江流域的全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的控制与治理亟待提上议程。     

Minimizing life-cycle costs of gun propellant selection through model-based decision making: a case study in environmental screening and performance testing

The work presented here demonstrates the first phases of a newly-proposed gun propellant formulation process that will minimize life-cycle costs through science-based design. This new approach to gun propellant formulation proposes maximal use of modeling and simulation in the earliest phases of the developmental cycle to screen candidate formulations, resulting in the elimination of probable poor performers and the identification of the most promising candidates for further study and testing. The screening and identification of promising candidate formulations is demonstrated in the study presented here under the assumption of a specific weapon platform and user requirements. The process of selecting a propellant for the assumed gun system application has been distilled into a series of measurable steps leading from a set of candidate materials, through logical and numerical filters, to a shorter list of energetic materials demonstrated as viable choices for the weapon platform. Environmental filtering and performance modeling are used to screen propellants through a well-defined sequence of tests designed to weed out materials that do not meet standards in terms of safety, energy, or manufacturability. Because much of the testing is performed by computer modeling, the gun systems and energetic materials need not be present (nor even existent) in order to be described and matched against performance requirements for future applications. The calculations presented here demonstrate that utilizing computer models in the early developmental stages of the formulation process rather than physical testing produces enormous savings in labor, material, and environmental costs, along with a tremendous reduction in the time required to select a "best candidate" propellant.     

Efficiency of perchlorate consumption in road flares, propellants and explosives

When an explosive detonates or a propellant or flare burns, consumption of the energetic filler should be complete but rarely is, especially in the presence of large amounts of non-combustible materials. Herein we examine three types of perchlorate-containing devices to estimate their potential as sources of contamination in their normal mode of functioning. Road flares, rocket propellants and ammonium nitrate (AN) emulsion explosives are potentially significant anthropogenic sources of perchlorate contamination. This laboratory evaluated perchlorate residue from burning of flares and propellants as well as detonations of ammonium nitrate emulsion explosives. Residual perchlorate in commercial products ranged from 0.094 mg perchlorate per gram material (flares) to 0.012 mg perchlorate per gram material (AN emulsion explosives). The rocket propellant formulations, prepared in this laboratory, generated 0.014 mg of perchlorate residue per gram of material.     

Testing of the Storm Water Management Model Low Impact Development Modules

Stormwater infrastructure designers and operators rely heavily on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to simulate stormwater and wastewater infrastructure performance. Since its inception in the late 1970s, improvements and extensions have been tested and evaluated rigorously to verify the accuracy of the model. As a continuation of this progress, the main objective of this study was to quantify how accurately SWMM simulates the hydrologic activity of low impact development (LID) storm control measures. Model performance was evaluated by quantitatively comparing empirical data to model results using a multievent, multiobjective calibration method. The calibration methodology utilized the PEST software, a Parameter ESTimation tool, to determine unmeasured hydrologic parameters for SWMM’s LID modules. The calibrated LID modules’ Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies averaged 0.81; average percent bias (PBIAS) ?9%; average ratio of root mean square error to standard deviation of measured values 0.485; average index of agreement 0.94; and the average volume error, simulated vs. observed, was +9%. SWMM accurately predicted the timing of peak flows, but usually underestimated their magnitudes by 10%. The average volume reduction, measured outflow volume divided by inflow volume, was 48%. We had more difficulty in calibrating one study, an infiltration trench, which identified a significant limitation of the current version of the SWMM LID module; it cannot simulate lateral exfiltration of water out of the storage layers of a LID storm control measure. This limitation is especially severe for a deep LIDs, such as infiltration trenches. Nevertheless, SWMM satisfactorily simulated the hydrologic performance of eight of the nine LID practices.     

摆管淋水试验装置的校准方法探讨

文中简述了摆管淋水试验装置的基本结构及其常见的校准方式,对其中的“摆角校准”这一技术难点提出了可行的解决方案并作了较详尽的说明分析。     

REAL-TIME SOIL WATER MONITORING FOR OPTIMUM WATER MANAGEMENT1

Abstract: Efficient water resource management is one of the most important policy issues facing agriculture in Hawaii in the years ahead. Soil water sensors, multisensor capacitance probes (MCP), have been successfully used for different water management projects. These MCPs monitor water content at multiple depths and at various locations in real-time. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of water content on field soil bulk density of Wahiawa silty clay tropical soil; measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity of this tropical soil: calibrate MCP system for this soil: and monitor and evaluate real-time soil water content variations under a tomato crop using the calibrated MCP system. Sensor calibration was conducted under laboratory conditions. Soil bulk density at different water contents and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured on the field. Bulk density increased with increasing water content: there was a 30 percent bulk density increase as a result of 0.25 cm³ cm^-3 water content variation. Compared with the manufacturer's calibration, site specific laboratory calibration of MCP gave a more accurate determination of soil water. Field determined saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher than laboratory determined values reported in the literature for the same soil type. Real-time soil water content monitoring within the root zone showed substantial variations due to water input (irrigation and rainfall) and water output (evapotranspiration and deep percolations). However, water content variations were much further reduced in the soil layer below the root zone.     

Automated Calibration of the METRIC‐Landsat Evapotranspiration Process

A remaining challenge to applying satellite‐based energy‐balance algorithms for operational estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is the calibration of the energy‐balance model. Customized calibration for each image date is generally required to overcome biases associated with radiometric accuracy of the image, uncertainties in aerodynamic features of the landscape, background thermal conditions, and model assumptions. The CIMEC process (calibration using inverse modeling at extreme conditions) is an endpoint calibration procedure where near extreme conditions in the image are identified where the ET can be estimated and assigned. In the Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC?) energy‐balance model, two endpoints represent the dry and wet ends of the ET spectrum. Generally, user‐intervention is required to select locations in the image to produce best accuracy. To bring the METRIC and similar processes into the domain of less experienced operators, a consistent, reproducible, and dependable statistics‐based procedure is introduced where relationships between vegetation amount and surface temperature are used to identify a subpopulation of locations (pixels) in an image that may best represent the calibration endpoints. This article describes the background and logic for the statistical approach, how the statistics were developed, area of interest requirements and assumptions, adjustment for dry conditions in desert climates, and implementation in a common image processing environment (ERDAS Imagine).     

试论酸度计在pH测定中的定位问题

本文阐述了酸度计在测定ｐＨ时温度补偿的原理,分析了错误定位的原因,指出了正确的定位方法     

HB6783、GB/T5170在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用

本文简要介绍了环境与可靠性试验领域试验设备系列检定标准HB 6783、GB/T 5170。以本单位某型温湿度试验箱验收为例,详细介绍了HB 6783、GB/T 5170系列温湿度试验设备检定/检验标准在温湿度试验箱性能指标验收中的应用,通过对比应用总结,指出综合比较不同检定标准中温湿度性能指标的检定项目、方法,结合本单位产品试验需求应用,是制定温湿度试验箱性能指标验收方法的最佳途径。     

Flow and diffusion measurements in natural porous media using magnetic resonance imaging

Flow and diffusion of water in natural porous media, quartz sand, and calcareous gravel were measured using a 1.5-T clinical magnetic resonance tomograph. The spatial resolution of the dynamic measurements was 1.32 x 1.32 x 5 mm3, and the time between two cross-sectional measurements was approximately 10 s. The measured coefficients of molecular diffusion for water were in good agreement with theoretical data. Flow was measured without any tracer at velocities between 0.15 and 6.67 mm/s. The results, based on a calibration within one part of the column, were in good agreement with data obtained from a tracer experiment and from a numerical model. It was possible to measure the flow velocity in larger pores and preferential flow paths directly. The results of the flow measurements in smaller pores reflected the mean velocity within that volume element. In that case the obtained values were close to the average linear velocity. Since the time resolution is high a monitoring of flow processes is possible. The pore space was imaged with a spatial resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 mm3. Here, the porosity of pores that are larger than 0.2 mm can be measured directly; for smaller pores a calibration is necessary.