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1.
烷基苯磺酸钠对水生动物的生物效应研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文通过洗涤剂的主要成分—烷基苯磺酸钠对大型蚤和鲤鱼的毒性试验,说明烷基苯磺酸钠的毒性属中等。对大型蚤24hEC50为7.23mg/L,48hEC50为3.83mg/L;对鲤鱼48hLC50为3.74mg/L,96hLC50为2.23mg/L。鲤鱼生活在0.5mg/L的烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中,15d就能引起鳃的损伤。  相似文献   

2.
2008年6月至1O月,通过田间试验.设置对照稻田和养鱼稻田2个处理,采用分层取样法和大类群分类法,利用反映土壤动物群落结构数量特征的多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势度指数,研究了泥鳅对稻田土壤动物群落的扰动效应.结果表明,稻田土壤动物群落的优势类群为腹足类、线虫类和线蚓类.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物类群数高于对照稻田,但土壤动物个体数少于对照稻田.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物多样性指数和均匀性指数高于对照稻田,但优势度指数低于对照稻田,显示稻一鱼复合系统具有更高的稳定性和抗干扰能力.稻田土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性.  相似文献   

3.
免耕生态系统中土壤动物对土壤养分影响的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
对紫色水稻土自然免耕生态系统中土壤动物群落结构的变化及其对土壤养分的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明.水稻土免耕耕作制度有利于土壤动物的生长繁殖.并能改善土壤化学性质。土壤动物平均密度是垄作免耕>垄作常耕>平作免耕>平作常耕。免耕土壤中有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量均分别高于常耕土壤。  相似文献   

4.
Abstract:  Invasive species are often considered to be a major threat to biodiversity, leading conservation biologists to often recommend their complete eradication. Animal rights groups typically categorically oppose killing animals, and their opposition has brought eradication attempts of gray squirrels in northern Italy (Europe) and mute swans in Vermont to a halt. As a result native red squirrels may disappear from Europe and ecosystem-wide impacts are expected to be caused by the swan. In contrast, cooperation between managers and animal rights groups has resulted in a successful control program for feral pigs in Fort Worth, Texas (U.S.A.). The philosophical differences between animal rights and conservation biologists' views make cooperation seem unlikely, yet documented cases of cooperation have been beneficial for both groups. We recommend that managers dealing with invasive species should consult with social scientists and ethicists to gain a better understanding of the implications of some of their policy decisions. In addition, we recommend that animal rights groups do more to support alternatives to lethal control, which are often excluded by economic limitations. Prevention of arrival of invasive species via application of the precautionary principle may be an especially productive avenue for such collaboration because it fits the goals and values of both groups.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract:  Although feral animal management is often based on the proposition that introduced species threaten ecological and conservation values, that view is not necessarily shared by all stakeholders, including those indigenous people who own and co-manage Kakadu National Park with Australia's federal government. Drawing on field-based interviews with the Jawoyn people, we found that these indigenous people categorize water buffalo (  Bubalus bubalis ) as an important food source (tucker), view horses (  Equus caballus ) as bush pets, and consider pigs (  Sus scrofa ) a threat to their lands. As a result, Jawoyn people want more water buffalo in the park, have high tolerance of environmental damage caused by horses, and are open to the idea that pig population densities should be reduced. Jawoyn also advocate an adaptive and participatory approach to feral animal control so that the consequences of any management actions can be properly understood before irrevocable change occurs. These findings highlight one example of how indigenous people's ecological knowledge has adapted in response to changing landscapes and community aspirations. Co-management strategies that aim to incorporate the dynamics of indigenous people's views need to start with issues on which there is agreement between different groups and take a cautious approach to joint exploration of more contentious issues. That approach should include ongoing and on-site monitoring so that the consequences of management actions can be properly understood and comprehensively negotiated by all parties.  相似文献   

6.
塑料包装制品中,邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为重要的增塑剂,铅盐为必不可少的热稳定剂,二者单体毒性均得到证实.为探究两者的联合作用,采用效应相加模型对联合毒性方式进行评价.选择适龄昆明种小鼠染毒,DEHP染毒浓度为10、50和200 mg·kg-1,以0.1 mL·(10 g)-1的剂量灌胃染毒,铅组用1...  相似文献   

7.
毒死蜱(CPF)是我国推荐使用的低毒有机磷农药之一,目前在全世界广泛应用.选择不引起动物出现全身系统毒性的CPF剂量(1、5、10mg·kg-1)对大鼠连续染毒4周,评价CPF对动物的学习记忆功能和CREB信号通路的影响.结果显示:CPF连续染毒后动物出现记忆能力的损伤,随着染毒剂量的增加,海马、皮质和纹状体CREB及ERKI/Ⅱ磷酸化蛋白表达逐渐减少,这表明ERK/CREB信号通路可能是参与毒死蜱低剂量重复暴露致学习记忆功能改变的重要途径.  相似文献   

8.
以斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼为实验对象,探讨三氯化铝(AlCl3)在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆的影响。将受精后6 h(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分成2个大组,分别为对照组和三氯化铝组,以观察三氯化铝的毒性作用。每一大组又分为中性(pH7.4)、微酸(pH6.4)和酸性(pH5.4)组,以观察酸性环境分别及与三氯化铝的共同毒性作用。分别采用72 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避反射实验、144 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼自发运动、168 hpf单一多次光刺激斑马鱼幼鱼实验等探讨在中性、微酸和酸性环境下暴露铝离子对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力以及学习记忆的影响。结果显示:与中性环境下的三氯化铝组相比,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组可以使斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避次数减少(P<0.05),平均速度和移动距离下降(P<0.001),斑马鱼幼鱼运动轨迹杂乱无章,自发触壁活动减少;单一多次光刺激实验结果发现,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组使斑马鱼幼鱼到达平台速度的光照次数显著增加且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。以上结果说明,三氯化铝在微酸和酸性环境下,能导致斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆能力下降,并且酸度值越小,对斑马鱼幼鱼运动和学习记忆的影响更显著。酸度值与三氯化铝之间存在协同作用,酸性环境可以使三氯化铝毒性增加。  相似文献   

9.
发展产业集群通常被地方政府当作发展经济的重要手段.笔者通过讨论产业集群发展过程中政府的作用,从政府对集群的规划、公共要素的投入、发挥地方资源特点、企业主体地位等方面提出发展产业集群的政策建议.参7.  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的发育神经毒性,寻找PFOS发育神经毒性作用的敏感期,利用水迷宫和组织病理切片技术,研究了胚胎期和哺乳期暴露于PFOS后新生大鼠发育情况、学习记忆能力、抓力以及海马组织病理学改变。结果显示:PFOS导致仔鼠发育迟缓,睁眼期延迟。仔鼠出生后体重与对照组相比出现显著性降低。同一PFOS暴露浓度下,胚胎期暴露组体重低于哺乳期暴露组,抓力差异不显著。水迷宫实验结果显示,TT15(胚胎期和哺乳期均暴露于15 mg·L-1 PFOS)和TC15(仅胚胎期暴露于15 mg·L-1 PFOS)暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著高于对照组,且TC15暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著性高于CT15(仅哺乳期暴露于15 mg·L-1 PFOS)暴露组。空间探索实验中,TT15暴露组仔鼠在目标象限的游泳时间显著性低于对照组,其他组无显著性差异。组织病理切片结果显示暴露组海马组织细胞数量减少,出现细胞凋亡现象。结果表明,PFOS造成仔鼠的发育延迟以及学习记忆能力下降的关键作用时期可能是胚胎期。  相似文献   

11.
    
Climate skeptics typically argue that the possibility that global warming is exogenous, implies that we should not take additional action towards reducing emissions until we know what drives warming. This paper however shows that even climate skeptics have an incentive to reduce emissions: such a directional change generates information on the causes of global warming. Since the optimal policy depends upon these causes, they are valuable to know. Although increasing emissions would also generate information, that option is inferior due its irreversibility. We show that optimality can even imply that climate skeptics should actually argue for lower emissions than believers.  相似文献   

12.
室内空气污染的现状是多种污染源共存,挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)、细菌及颗粒物等是典型室内空气污染物。神经行为学毒性是室内空气污染引起的敏感毒性作用之一。为了探讨VOCs、细菌及颗粒物混合暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及机制,选用雄性昆明小鼠70只,随机分为对照(G1)和2~7(G2~G7)号染毒组。采用水迷宫和抓力仪测定小鼠的学习记忆潜伏期和抓力,染毒结束后测定全脑中活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA),神经递质谷氨酸(Glu)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量以及胆碱能系统的乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活力,同时分析脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞神经营养因子(GDNF)及神经生长因子(NGF)的水平。结果显示,第6天,G5、G6及G7小鼠的抓力、逃避潜伏期及在原平台所在象限的探索时间较对照组存在显著差异,并且伴有ROS、MDA含量的显著升高,Glu含量的显著升高,Ach含量、ChAT及TChE活力的显著降低,以及神经营养因子的显著下调(P<0.05或P<0.01)。研究结果表明,VOCs、颗粒物及细菌混合暴露能够导致小鼠学习记忆障碍,混合暴露引起的氧化损伤诱导的神经兴奋或抑制性毒性作用,以及神经营养因子沿轴突逆向传递降低或中断两方面作用导致神经递质产生和释放异常,进而引起学习记忆能力降低。  相似文献   

13.
环境雌激素17α-乙炔雌二醇(17alpha-ethynylestradiol, EE2)是一种常见的环境内分泌干扰物,主要经消化道被人和动物摄入,但其对中枢神经系统的影响尚不清楚。为探讨EE2早期慢暴露对Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠神经发育和成年后认知行为的影响及其机制,本研究选择5日龄雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组:空白对照组(Control组)、EE2低剂量组(0.1 μg·kg-1)、EE2高剂量组(10 μg·kg-1),每组8只,EE2持续暴露16周。观察大鼠体质量、脑质量变化。采用Morris水迷宫、旷场实验观察大鼠行为学表现。Nissl染色和免疫组织化学染色法观察各组大鼠海马CA1区(CA1)、海马CA3区(CA3)、齿状回(DG)的细胞形态和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的表达,Western Blot检测海马、大脑皮层的IL-1β、IL-10蛋白水平,并测定皮层和海马丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,EE2暴露组大鼠体质量增长速度较对照组减缓,脑质量减轻。行为学发现,EE2组逃逸潜伏期延长,目标象限停留时间、跨台次数减少,中央区运动距离和中央区停留时间减少,并呈剂量依赖性变化。EE2暴露组海马各区神经元排列紊乱、形态不规则,DG区神经元前体细胞数量减少。进一步发现,EE2暴露组大鼠大脑皮层、海马组织的MDA含量均升高,IL-1β表达量增加,IL-10表达量下降。低剂量组海马DG区BDNF表达减少,高剂量组CA1、CA3、DG区BDNF表达均减少。以上结果表明,生命早期0.1 μg·kg-1 EE2慢暴露可引起雄性大鼠成年后空间学习记忆行为障碍,与海马结构紊乱、BDNF水平降低和脑组织炎症反应有关。  相似文献   

14.
Assessing the potential for lead release from road dusts and soils   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Lead release from several soil and road dust samples -- obtained from various locations in the London Borough of Greenwich -- has been investigated as a function of acid and chloride addition. The work shows that lead retention in dust samples is primarily dependent upon buffer capacity, which in turn appears to be related to carbonate content. The continuing addition of acid eventually overcomes the buffer capacity of the system. At this point lead is rapidly released. For the soils investigated buffer capacities appear to be small and in these cases lead is readily released. The supplementary addition of chloride to the samples can have contrary effects upon release. For the dust samples chloride enhances lead release due, presumably, to the formation of chloro--lead complexes. However for one soil sample chloride hinders lead release possibly by binding anionic chloro--lead complexes to anionic exchange sites formed by the protonation of surface hydroxyl groups in the soil matrix.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract: Graduate education in conservation biology has been assailed as ineffective and inadequate to train the professionals needed to solve conservation problems. To identify how graduate education might better fit the needs of the conservation workplace, we surveyed practitioners and academics about the importance of particular skills on the job and the perceived importance of teaching those same skills in graduate school. All survey participants (n = 189) were alumni from the University of California Davis Graduate Group in Ecology and received thesis‐based degrees from 1973 to 2008. Academic and practitioner respondents clearly differed in workplace skills, although there was considerably more agreement in training recommendations. On the basis of participant responses, skill sets particularly at risk of underemphasis in graduate programs are decision making and implementation of policy, whereas research skills may be overemphasized. Practitioners in different job positions, however, require a variety of skill sets, and we suggest that ever‐increasing calls to broaden training to fit this multitude of jobs will lead to a trade‐off in the teaching of other skills. Some skills, such as program management, may be best developed in on‐the‐job training or collaborative projects. We argue that the problem of graduate education in conservation will not be solved by restructuring academia alone. Conservation employers need to communicate their specific needs to educators, universities need to be more flexible with their opportunities, and students need to be better consumers of the skills offered by universities and other institutions.  相似文献   

16.

Scenario analysis is a technique that is increasingly being used as a way of identifying future policy options and issues in the long-term. This paper discusses the role of scenario analysis in policy development in relation to future transport policy. It discusses three key stages in scenario analysis: the identification of policy targets; the development of images of the future; and the construction of policy packages.  相似文献   

17.
国内外规模化猪场废水处理工艺技术新进展   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
系统地介绍了国内外规模化猪场粪污处理发展动态,并得出结论:控制猪场废水污染较经济合理的方法是以厌氧工艺为主,辅以好氧、物理、化学处理的组合工艺系统。  相似文献   

18.
白术多糖是白术这一传统中药的活性提取物,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、调节免疫功能、增强免疫力、促生长、降血糖等方面的作用,综述白术及白术多糖在动物生产中的应用.参25.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract:  Noninvasive genetic methods can be used to estimate animal abundances and offer several advantages over conventional methods. Few attempts have been made, however, to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the estimates. We compared four methods of estimating population size based on fecal sampling. Two methods used rarefaction indices and two were based on capture-mark-recapture (CMR) estimators, one combining genetic and field data. Volunteer hunters and others collected 1904 fecal samples over 2 consecutive years in a large area containing a well-studied population of brown bears ( Ursus arctos ). On our 49,000-km2 study area in south-central Sweden, population size estimates ranged from 378 to 572 bears in 2001 and 273 to 433 bears in 2002, depending on the method of estimation used. The estimates from the best model in the program MARK appeared to be the most accurate, based on the minimum population size estimate from radio-marked bears in a subsection of our sampling area. In addition, MARK models included heterogeneity and temporal variation in detection probabilities, which appeared to be present in our samples. All methods, though, incorrectly suggested a biased sex ratio, probably because of sex differences in detection probabilities and low overall detection probabilities. The population size of elusive animals can be estimated reliably over large areas with noninvasive genetic methods, but we stress the importance of an adequate and well-distributed sampling effort. In cases of biased sampling, calibration with independent estimates may be necessary. We recommend that this noninvasive genetic approach, using the MARK models, be used in the future in areas where sufficient numbers of volunteers can be mobilized.  相似文献   

20.
制约我国绿色食品发展的重要因素之一是其生态环境成本难以通过市场来兑现。为解决这一问题,文章以生态补偿为突破口,首先从理论上明确绿色食品生产具有正外部性,政府对其生产企业或农户进行补偿具有合理性和必要性,然后进一步探讨其制度构建与政策设计。(1)构建一个包括政府、生产者、消费者三方的博弈模型,着重分析绿色食品供需过程中、政府影响下生产者和消费者的利益动机和博弈行为。模型结果显示,存在能够满足绿色食品供需平衡的1个纯战略纳什均衡解和1个混合战略纳什均衡解,这两个纳什均衡解的实现条件均要求政府对绿色食品生产者提供补偿和对消费者实施优惠政策。(2)利用C-D生产函数建构的利润函数和恢复费用法探讨绿色食品生产补偿标准范围,结果表明最低补偿标准应满足生产者生产绿色食品和生产普通食品利润相等,而最高补偿标准则应对绿色食品生产中创造的环境效益进行支付。(3)文章最后从“建立经济政策支持体系,构筑科技进步支撑体系,完善品牌质量保障体系,培育产业化生产体系”等4方面提出了现阶段我国绿色食品生产补偿的政策建议。  相似文献   

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