Magnetic photocatalysts from δ-FeOOH and TiO2 and application in reactions for degradation of methylene blue and paracetamol with UV-C and sunlight

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water contamination is a common problem, especially considering dyes and drugs disposal. A possible and effective treatment method to remove these...     

O3／H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2加入量的简易控制方法

对与臭氧有着不同反应活性的3类有机污染物，探讨并建立了O3／H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2较优投加量的简易控制方法。结果表明，水中存在溶解臭氧是H2O2与臭氧降解效率具有协同作用的必要条件，另外，H2O2的较优加入量直接依赖于目标有机污染物与臭氧的反应活性。对于不同的有机物及在常规的臭氧化水处理时间内，H2O2加入量控制在单独臭氧化处理时水中溶解臭氧的20-30倍（质量比）之间为宜。这种简易控制H2O2加入量的方法对推广O3／H2O2技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的意义。     

O3/H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2加入量的简易控制方法

对与臭氧有着不同反应活性的3类有机污染物,探讨并建立了O3/H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2较优投加量的简易控制方法.结果表明,水中存在溶解臭氧是H2O2与臭氧降解效率具有协同作用的必要条件,另外,H2O2的较优加入量直接依赖于目标有机污染物与臭氧的反应活性.对于不同的有机物及在常规的臭氧化水处理时间内,H2O2加入量控制在单独臭氧化处理时水中溶解臭氧的20～30倍(质量比)之间为宜.这种简易控制H2O2加入量的方法对推广O3/H2O2技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的意义.     

Decadal changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and δ13C over two seas and two oceans: Italy to New Zealand

Continuous measurements of the CO₂ concentration were repeatedly carried out from 1996 to 2007 between Italy and New Zealand by means of a Siemens Ultramat 5E analyzer assembled for shipboard use. Along the ship routes discrete air samples were collected from 1998 to 2005 using four-litre Pyrex flasks. The δ¹³C of the CO₂ from the flask air samples was measured according to well-established techniques. The decadal changes of these two variables can now be evaluated from these results. Large variations of the CO₂ concentration were normally recorded in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Completely different trends of the CO₂ concentration were observed in the Red Sea (30° N to about 13° N) between 2007 (a marked southward decrease) and 2005 and 2003 when a marked southward increase is apparent, at least between 23° and 13° N. A further difference among different expeditions is related to the decrease or increase of the CO₂ concentration in the Gulf of Aden. The backward trajectories of the air masses help to explain, at least partially, these differences. In the Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean a decrease of a few ppmv of the CO₂ concentration takes place from Cape Guardafui (Northern Somaliland) to southern New Zealand, particularly during 2005 and 2007. The yearly rate of increase of the CO₂ concentration between 1996 and 2007 for the Indian Ocean is of about 1.9 ppmv yr^?1, in excellent agreement with the NOAA/CMDL measurements carried out during the same period at Mahé Isld. (Indian Ocean) and Cape Grim (Tasmania). The δ¹³C results obtained from the CO₂ of flask samples collected in the Mediterranean show the effect of anthropogenic emissions, though this is considerably smaller than expected. This inconsistency may be related to the large terrestrial biospheric sink of CO₂ in the Northern Hemisphere. The results obtained from the Red Sea are quite variable through time and space, particularly in its southern section; their interpretation is not easy. The Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean show rather homogeneous δ¹³C results even though a variable carbon isotope shift can be calculated from period/cruise to period/cruise. In the case of the Indian Ocean the mean δ¹³C value from the flask air samples collected in 2005 is ?8.29‰ and the calculated rate of the carbon isotope shift between 1998 and 2005 is ?0.034‰ yr^?1, considerably larger than that calculated at the closest NOAA station (Mahé Isld.) of ?0.026‰ yr^?1. This discrepancy may be, at least partially, caused by the small number of measurements carried out at sea. However, the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean is less affected by anthropogenic emissions than in other areas.     

Blood Pb and δ-ALAD inhibition in cattle and sheep from a Pb-polluted mining area

The effects of Pb pollution on cattle and sheep raised in an ancient mining area were studied through the use of blood Pb (PbB) levels and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity. Lead levels in livestock blood from the mining area (n=110) were significantly elevated when compared to the controls (n=79). In 91.4% of cattle (n=58) and 13.5% of sheep (n=52) sampled in the mining area, PbB levels corresponded to subclinical exposure (6-35 μg/dl). Two young cattle (<2 years) from the mining area (n=5) had PbB levels indicative of clinical poisoning (>35 μg/dl). Elevated PbB was also accompanied by δ-ALAD activity inhibition in blood, which confirms that measurable effects of Pb poisoning were taking place. Observed PbB levels suggest that a potential risk to human consumers of beef from the Pb polluted areas may also exist, as has been shown previously for game meat from the same mining area.     

Fe-Mn/γ-Al2O3催化O3-H2O2协同氧化间甲酚

为提高臭氧氧化法对难降解有机污染物的降解效率,采用在催化臭氧氧化体系中引入H_2O_2的方法,建立催化O_3-H_2O_2联合氧化体系,使O_3与H_2O_2在体系中起协同作用。采用等体积浸渍法筛选制备了具有高催化性能的Fe-Mn/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,应用于O_3/Fe-Mn/γ-Al_2O_3/H_2O_2复合体系协同催化臭氧氧化处理间甲酚模型废水。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子波谱(XPS)对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。考察了O_3投加量、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH、空速等因素对Fe-Mn/γ-Al_2O_3催化O_3-H_2O_2氧化间甲酚处理效果的影响,并采用GC-MS和LC-OCD,对Fe-Mn/γ-Al_2O_3催化O_3-H_2O_2氧化间甲酚的中间产物的类型及相对分子质量进行分析。结果表明,当以Fe-Mn/γ-Al_2O_3为催化剂时,协同催化氧化体系的最优处理参数为:间甲酚浓度100 mg·L~(-1),O_3投加量481 mg·L~(-1),反应时间10 min,空速6 h~(-1),H_2O_2投加量211 mg·L~(-1),进水pH 6.7。在此条件下,TOC去除率可达68.37%,间甲酚转化率可达100%。以上研究结果可为2种技术联用降解煤化工废水提供参考。     

O3/H2O2处理嘧啶废水的研究

采用O3/H2O2法对嘧啶废水进行处理,考察了不同反应条件对嘧啶和COD去除率的影响,并对O3/H2O2降解嘧啶的反应机制和动力学进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明,在pH值为11,反应时间为70 min,O3流量为4g/h,H2O2投加量为50 mmol/L的条件下,废水的嘧啶和COD的去除率分别达到86.46%和74.9...     

O3/H2O2处理嘧啶废水的研究

采用O3/H2O2法对嘧啶废水进行处理,考察了不同反应条件对嘧啶和COD去除率的影响,并对O3/H2O2降解嘧啶的反应机制和动力学进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明,在pH值为11,反应时间为70 min,O3流量为4 g/h,H2O2投加量为50 mmol/L的条件下,废水的嘧啶和COD的去除率分别达到86.46%和74.97%。嘧啶的去除率随自由基抑制剂叔丁醇增加而降低,说明O3/H2O2降解嘧啶主要为体系中.OH的贡献。同时动力学研究表明,O3/H2O2对嘧啶的降解符合一级反应动力学模型。     

Air–land exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O measured by FTIR spectrometry and micrometeorological techniques

Micrometeorological flux-gradient and nocturnal boundary layer methods were combined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for high-precision trace gas analysis to measure fluxes of the trace gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O between agricultural fields and the atmosphere. The FTIR measurements were fully automated and routinely obtained a precision of 0.1–0.2% for several weeks during a measurement campaign in October 1995. In flux-gradient measurements, vertical profiles of the trace gases were measured every 30 min from the ground to 22 m. When combined with independent micrometeorological measurements of water vapour fluxes, trace gas fluxes from the underlying surface could be determined. In the nocturnal boundary layer method the rate of change in mass storage in the 0–22 m layer was combined with fluxes measured at 22 m to estimate surface fluxes. Daytime fluxes for CO₂ were −0.78±0.40 (1σ) mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. Daytime fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ were very small and difficult to measure reliably using the flux-gradient technique, despite the high precision of the concentration measurements. Mean daytime flux for N₂O was 17±48 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹, while the corresponding flux for CH₄ was 47±410 ng CH₄ m⁻² s⁻¹. The mean nighttime flux of CO₂ estimated using the nocturnal boundary layer method was +0.15±0.05 mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, in good agreement with chamber measurements of respiration rates. Nighttime fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O from the nocturnal boundary layer method were 109±69 ng CH₄ m⁻² s⁻¹ and 2±3.2 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, in good agreement with chamber measurements and inventory estimates based on the sheep and cattle stocking rates in the region. The suitability of FTIR-based methods for long term monitoring of spatially and temporally averaged flux measurements is discussed.     

Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of alkylnaphthalenes with O3, N2O5 and OH radicals at 298 ± 2 K

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with 1-methylnaphthalene and of N₂O₅ with 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene have been determined at 298 ± 2 K by use of relative rate techniques. The rate constants determined were: for the reaction of OH radicals with 1-methylnaphthalene, (5.30 ± 0.48) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹; for the reaction of N₂O₅ with 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, (3.3 ± 0.7) × 10⁻¹⁷, (4.2 ± 0.9) × 10⁻¹⁷ and (5.7 ± 1.9) × 10⁻¹⁷ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. In addition, an upper limit to the rate constant of 1.3 × 10⁻¹⁹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ was measured for the reaction of O₃ with 1-methylnaphthalene at 298 ± 2 K. These data, when combined with data from previous literature, allow the atmospheric gas-phase removal processes of these alkylnaphthalenes to be quantified.     

O3/H2O2法去除浮选药剂丁基黄药

采用O3/H2O2法去除水中丁基黄药,考察了H2O2/O3摩尔比、pH值、丁基黄药初始浓度、温度和自由基抑制剂对丁基黄药的去除效果的影响。结果表明,在相同O3投加量下,H2O2量越大,丁基黄药去除率越高。pH值为7～9,温度在293～303 K的范围内,O3/H2O2对丁基黄药都有很高的去除率。碳酸氢根和叔丁醇能在一定程度上降低丁基黄药的降解效率。研究还发现,在O3和H2O2投加量相同的条件下,H2O2多次投加对水中丁基黄药的处理效果明显优于一次性投加。GC/MS分析表明,O3/H2O2氧化丁基黄药氧化产物为羧酸类物质。     

A2O工艺中N2O的产生与逸散特征

目前污水处理过程中产生温室气体的问题已经引起普遍关注。本文通过实验室小试,研究了不同污水水质条件下A2O工艺中N2O的产生特征,以及氧化亚氮还原酶编码基因nosZ含量对N2O产生量的影响。结果表明,在A2O工艺中的各单元均有N2O产生,其中厌氧池产生量最大,约占总产生量的32％～85％;A2O工艺产生的N2O主要通过逸散进入大气,少量随二沉池出水进入到环境中。N2O的产生量与污泥中nosZ的含量成负相关,而碳源和DO对含有nosZ基因的反硝化细菌有明显的影响,低DO环境和充足的碳源能够极大的促进其含量的提高,从而显著减少N2O的产生量。     

Capture of CO2 on γ-Al2O3 materials prepared by solution-combustion and ball-milling processes

A series of porous γ-Al₂O₃ materials was prepared by solution-combustion and ball-milling processes. The as-prepared powders were physicochemically characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N₂ physisorption measurements and their performances in CO₂ adsorption at different pressures (0.5 to 1.5 MPa) and temperatures (40 to 60ºC) were investigated. It was found that γ-Al₂O₃ synthesized by the solution-combustion process and ball milled at 10 hr exhibited the best CO₂ adsorption performance at 60ºC and 1.5 MPa, achieving a maximum of 1.94 mmol/g compared to the four studied materials, as a result of their interesting microstructure and surface properties (i.e., nanocrystallinity, specific surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and large total pore volume). Our study shows that the γ-Al₂O₃ prepared by solution combustion followed by ball milling presents a fairly good potential adsorbent for efficient CO₂ capture.

Implications: In this work, γ-Al₂O₃ materials were successfully obtained by solution combustion and modified via ball milling. These improved materials were systematically investigated as solid adsorbents of accessible surface areas, large pore volumes, and narrow pore size distribution for the CO₂ capture. These studied solid adsorbents can provide an additional contribution and effort to develop an efficient CO₂ capture method as means of alleviating the serious global warning problem.     

O3、H2O2／O3及UV／O3在焦化废水深度处理中的应用

采用O3、H2O2／O3及UV／O3等高级氧化技术（AOPs）对某焦化公司的生化出水进行深度处理,考察了O3与废水的接触时间、溶液pH、反应温度等因素对废水COD去除率的影响,确定出O3氧化反应的最佳工艺参数为：接触时间40min,溶液pH8．5,反应温度25℃,此条件下废水COD及UV254的去除率最高可达47．14％和73．47％;H2O2／O3及UV／O3两种组合工艺对焦化废水COD及UV254的去除率均有一定程度的提高,但H2O2／O3系统的运行效果取决于H2O2的投加量。研究结论表明,单纯采用COD作为评价指标,并不能准确反映出O3系列AOPs对焦化废水中有机污染物的降解作用。     

The climatology of summertime O3 and SO2 (1977–1981)

The mean monthly distribution of the diurnal maximum O₃ and of the SO₂ in the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. was determined for the summer (July and August) of 1977–1981. Highest O₃ concentrations varied from 60 to 90 ppbv and covered an area of about 2 to 5 × 10⁶ km²; and that for SO₂ varied from values greater than 10 ppbv to values about 25 ppbv and covered an area of 0.3–1.3 × 10⁶ km². The geographical locations of the centers of high O₃ concentrations were related to the path of the anticyclones. The centers of high SO₂ concentration were affected by the path of anticyclones but to a lesser extent. The SO₂ distribution was controlled to a significant extent by the location of major SO₂ sources. The data suggested that highpressure systems that become stationary, weaken and dissipate in the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. have a profound effect on the O₃ and SO₂ distribution.     

O3—H2O2组合法处理染料中间体废水的研究

报道了Ｏ３－Ｈ２Ｏ２组合法处理含有磺酸基团的萘系染料中间体废水的试验结果。对ＣＯＤ约为１６００ｍｇ／ｌ的某高浓度染料中间体废水，用５．１ｇＯ３／ｌ和２．０ｇＨ２Ｏ２／ｌ进行处理，可达到约６０％的ＣＯＤ及色度去除率，并使ＢＯＤ／ＣＯＤ的比值超过０．３，为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

O3/H2O2降解阿特拉津影响因素研究

采用O3/H2O2氧化去除水中内分泌干扰物阿特拉津,考察了反应条件及水质对去除的影响,并对反应机制进行了初步探讨.阿特拉津初始浓度2 mg/L,投量为7.5 mg/L的O3单独氧化去除率为27.2%;相同O3投量下,控制H2O2/O3摩尔比为0.75,5 min阿特拉津的去除率最高可达96.5%;pH值为7.5～8.5,温度在25～40℃的范围内,都维持了较高的去除率,表明H2O2/O3体系对阿特拉津的去除效果良好,降解速度快,反应条件温和.0.5 mg/L的腐殖酸,对阿特拉津的去除影响不大,腐殖酸浓度为1、2和5 mg/L时,平均去除率分别为63.4%、50.7%和30.2%;碳酸氢钠的浓度为50和200 mg/L时,去除率分别为88.1%和73.8%,说明水质对阿特拉津的去除影响较大.叔丁醇的浓度为5和20 mg/L时,阿特拉津的去除率分别降低到44.7%和27.5%,去除率随自由基抑制剂叔丁醇增加而降低,说明H2O2/O3降解阿特拉津主要为该体系产生的羟基自由基的贡献.     

微波辐射Bi2O3/沸石-H2O2体系降解废水中的硝基苯

研究了微波辐射下,以负载于沸石上的三氧化二铋为催化剂,以双氧水为氧化剂的催化氧化体系处理硝基苯工艺。通过单因素实验法,从反应催化剂负载量、pH、双氧水用量、微波功率、反应时间、催化剂用量等方面初步考察了硝基苯在该体系中的催化氧化效果。在氧化铋负载量3%（质量比）,pH=2,2 mL 30%双氧水,火力为中火,催化剂投加量为0.7 g,反应2 m in,对降解过程所得的中间产物和终产物进行了分析。结果表明,该体系对硝基苯的去除率能够达到99.2%,COD去除率为73.91%。     

Fe2O3-Cr2O3/TiO2系列催化剂的结构和脱硝性能

研究以纳米TiO2为载体,浸渍负载过渡金属氧化物,以CO为还原剂的脱硝催化剂的脱硝性能。实验中以计算量的Ni（NO3）2和Fe（NO3）3混合溶液浸渍纳米TiO2粉末,室温下搅拌30 min至混合均匀,放入旋转蒸发器中,70℃下至水分蒸干为止;所得粉末在550℃下、空气气氛中焙烧4 h即得所需催化剂。用以上方法分别制备2%Fe2O3-10%Cr2O3/TiO2、4%Fe2O3-8%Cr2O3/TiO2、6%Fe2O3-6%Cr2O3/TiO2、8%Fe2O3-4%Cr2O3/TiO2与10%Fe2O3-2%Cr2O3/TiO2等5种催化剂样品。实验结果表明,制备的催化剂具有较好的结构,分散较为均匀。对于CO＋NO反应,Fe2O3-Cr2O3/TiO2系列催化剂具有较好的催化活性,NO的转化率都达到了100%。其中,10%Fe2O3-2%Cr2O3/TiO2样品具有最好的低温活性,H2-TPR结果表明,这是由于10%Fe2O3-2%Cr2O3/TiO2催化剂更易于被CO预还原。