雾霾天气的成因、治理与预防措施

随着我国社会的发展,在近几年中,我国许多城市都出现的大规模、集中、持续的雾霾天气,对人们的生活以及身心健康造成了严重的影响。在雾霾的形成中,主要是大气细颗粒污染物、大气逆温层及城市静风之间的综合反应,要想有效的治理与预防雾霾,必须加强对大气污染源的治理工作,做好对机动车辆的监控,安装能源清洁装置,鼓励生产、销售清洁型能源汽车,从根源上采取有效的预防措施,改善空气的质量。本文对雾霾天气出现的成因及危害进行分析,进一步提出有效的治理与预防措施。     

关于城市大气污染现状与综合防治对策研究

针对中国城市大气污染现状与综合防治对策,主要介绍了大气污染带来的严重后果,探讨了中国城市大气污染状况与原因分析,主要包括中国城市大气污染状况和污染的原因分析,给出了综合防治对策,做好对大气污染源的控制,主要包括加强提升全民环保意识、做好空气质量的实时监控、加大环保型高科技企业扶持力度、加大对“三高”企业的监管,同时加强控制交通与生活污染源,加强绿化工作的进行,实现对城市工业的合理布局,并对产业结构进行调整.     

治霾靠风是场梦?

正近年来,在雾霾的重压之下,北京、上海、武汉、杭州、南京、广州、郑州、西安、合肥等城市纷纷提出规划"城市风道"治理雾霾。什么是"城市风道"?引风进城对治霾起到什么样的作用,效果又如何?这种方法是否能为城市雾霾带来新的解决办法?首都也建"城市风道"针对近年国内日趋严峻的大气形势以及频繁发生雾霾围城的状况,全国各大城市可谓绞尽脑汁,首都北京也不例外。近日在北京举办的2014     

浅析环境监测技术在大气污染治理中的作用

社会经济的发展带提升了全民的生活水平,但是同时也带来了一系列的副作用,其中大气污染就是近些年十分常见的一个问题.很多较为发达的城市出现了雾霾天气.汽车尾气和工业废气的大量排放是造成大气污染的主要两个因素,排放的废气中的污染物较多,会严重损害国民的身心健康,为此,应当加强大气污染治理,做好大气环境监测,明确大气污染物的成...     

城市大气污染综合治理研究

随着经济的快速发展,城市大气环境质量不容乐观,尤其雾霾现象愈演愈烈,严重危害了人们的生产、生活和身体健康。本文通过对城市大气污染类型、来源及其危害的分析,并结合国内一些城市的大气污染治理经验提出城市大气环境污染综合治理的对策。     

求索雾霾锁城破解之策——记环保媒体的责任与担当

2013年,大气污染防治成为环境保护的焦点,不断侵袭的雾霾亟需一剂科技治理猛药。面对层出不穷的环保技术,选择最有针对性和实效性的治理方法,强化雾霾整治落实成为政府、企业、公众的共同期待。在这场技术筛选、大气污控战里,媒体担当着资源共享、信息交流的重要作用。作为环境保护领域的主流媒体,《环境保护》杂志长期以来密切关注大气雾霾治理的新政策、新技术,近期更是将被誉为"扬尘环保警察"的无组织污染源在线管理监测系统推向公众视野,为雾霾治理提供了现实可行的技术方法。     

雾霾天气PM_(2.5)中元素特征分析

随着近年来城市污染的严重,雾霾天气在城市中越来越常见。雾霾带给我们的不仅仅是大气的可见度大幅度降低,而且也会对我们的呼吸道健康造成很严重的损伤。实际上雾霾天气的起因除了空气污染还有部分气象因素,雾霾天气发生时,大气中的颗粒物特别是细颗粒物的浓度大幅度增加,这就是我们见不到太阳的原因。本文从PM2.5的雾霾天气中的元素特征入手,简单分析一下可能造成城区的雾霾天气的原因,为未来能够有效解决城市雾霾问题铺路。     

以“蓝天工程”治理沈阳城市雾霾污染的对策建议

分析了我国城市雾霾的成因,阐述了沈阳市能源利用及大气污染控制现存的主要问题,并提出了建设区域一体化的高效供热工程、建设气化沈阳工程、全面优化城市工业布局、推进城市抑尘工程、推进城市绿色交通工程、实施大气监控预警工程、实施雾霾污染控制工程等治理沈阳城市雾霾污染的对策建议。     

哈尔滨市环境空气污染特征变化趋势及雾霾突发原因研究

通过对哈尔滨市近3年环境空气质量变化趋势及污染特征进行分析,进一步明确哈尔滨雾霾现象的原因,主要为进入冬季供暖期,供热源增加的大气污染物与工业源排放的大气污染物以及汽车尾气等面源污染物累积使环境空气中颗粒物激增,导致哈尔滨市环境空气中的大气污染物总量超出了环境承载能力,加上不利污染物扩散的气象条件,大气污染物积聚在哈尔滨城市上空无法扩散,导致了这种雾霾现象。     

"电能替代"是治理城市雾霾的重要途径探讨

城市雾霾已经严重影响城市居民的正常生活与工作.研究表明,传统化石燃料在城市及其周边地区终端用户中直接使用是产生城市雾霾的主要原因.为了治理城市雾霾,国家和地方各级政府以及有关单位出台了一系列政策和行动方案.其中,利用绿色能源电能,在生产和生活中,代替传统化石能源,这一方案在城市终端用户中都可以大面积使用电能替代,是阻止城市雾霾的重要举措,电能替代不仅可以有效缓解城市雾霾,还可以提高城市智能化水平,是未来城市发展的重要趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.