新时期提高大气环境检测的几点建议

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,我国国民的物质生活水平也有了很大的提高,但是当今的大气环境却日益恶化。工业化生产和城市化进程快速发展导致了越来越严重的大气污染,为了有效控制大气污染,切实做好环境保护工作,有关部门应该踏踏实实做好大气环境检测工作,真正提高我国的大气环境质量。本文主要分析了新时期大气环境检测工作的现状,同时也阐述了新时期提高大气环境检测的几点建议和意见。     

大气环境监测的数字化测量新探

我国社会经济在快速发展的同时,生态环境日益恶化,各种大气污染现象屡见不鲜,当前防治大气污染已经成为了全民关注的重要问题。严格监测大气环境的变化是对大气环境进行治理的前提,本文将简述大气环境监测中数字化测量的必要性,探究数字化监测系统的组成,希望对提高监测数据的质量有所裨益。     

城市大气污染综合治理研究

随着经济的快速发展,城市大气环境质量不容乐观,尤其雾霾现象愈演愈烈,严重危害了人们的生产、生活和身体健康。本文通过对城市大气污染类型、来源及其危害的分析,并结合国内一些城市的大气污染治理经验提出城市大气环境污染综合治理的对策。     

加大污染治理力度 努力改善大气环境质量

当前,各级政府及有关部门坚持以科学发展观为统领,认真贯彻落实大气污染防治法,在经济快速发展的情况下,全国大气环境质量基本稳定,部分城市有所好转.     

遥感技术在大气环境监测中的应用

近年来,随着我国经济水平和科学技术的快速提升,工业建设得到了突飞猛进的发展,但工业建设发展的同时所造成的大气环境污染问题已经逐渐影响到人们的健康,一定程度上抑制了区域经济的发展。通过常规的监测方法检测区域性大气环境质量结果不够准确,同时还要浪费大量的人力物力财力,而遥感技术的出现给大气环境监测工作提供了技术保障。作为监测大气环境的主要技术手段,遥感技术能够实时监测到大面积大气污染事故,便于相关部门以此为依据进行应急方案的制定,确保方案的科学性、准确性和合理性。本文主要围绕遥感监测技术的原理,重点分析了在大气环境监测中遥感技术的应用情况以及我国大气环境遥感监测的进展及展望,以期能为有关方面的需要提供参考借鉴。     

大气环境管理中的总量控制策略

介绍大气环境管理方法的发展历程与趋势，认为原有的大气环境管理方法不能适应当今经济发展的需要，难以控制日益严重的大气污染，使大气环境持续恶化。由此提出必须以总量控制的方法进行大气环境管理，进而对大气污染总量控制的特点和意义进行了讨论，指出总量控制是解决大气环境污染问题的理想途径，同时也是谋求环境效益、经济效益和技术效益相统一的有救手段。     

重庆市金子山—黑石子小区大气环境规划研究

区域气象特征是造成重庆大气污染严重的重要原因。在实测模式参数基础上，较好地拟合了区域大气污染浓度的分布，并以此提出改善重庆市城区大气环境质量及发展小区经济、保证小区和市区大气环境质量的环境规划意见。     

关于加强大气环境监测的研究

随着经济的不断发展,我国工业化建设不断加强,环境污染问题也日益严重,同时大气污染也面临着相对严峻的考验。因此,加强对大气环境的监测,是现在应对大气污染,保障安全人民生活重要措施。本文首先分析了我国大气环境的现状,然后具体阐述了大气环境监测的内容,并提出了加强环境监测的对策,希望能够对大气环境监测的研究有所帮助。     

欧洲大气污染防治经验及对我国的启示

从欧洲大气污染物超标情况以及欧洲大气污染物排放带来的环境健康问题两方面梳理了欧洲总体大气环境质量近况。介绍了欧洲大气污染控制措施及经验:实施双轨制,同步推动大气环境质量标准和减排措施落实;持续制定并不断调整及实施一系列环境行动计划;强调经济活动有效性,寻求环境与经济契合点。基于此,得出对我国大气污染防治的启示与建议:建立健全环境与发展综合决策机制与体系;进一步细化我国有关大气污染治理的政策措施;积极推进国际技术交流,合作开展臭氧监测和大气环境健康效应的研究。     

"大气环境探测与模式应用"专刊序言

<正>1背景情况随着我国社会经济的快速发展、能源消耗的增加,已经形成了以细颗粒物和臭氧为主要特征的大气复合污染。大气污染物不仅对人体健康产生危害,还会对地球大气辐射平衡产生影响,进一步影响天气和气候。大气探测是支撑大气环境和大气化学研究的重要手段,有助于分析大气污染的特征、过程、机理及成因,对于评估大气污染物的天气气候效应具有非常重要的     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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